APK 3110C Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Arterial Stiffness, Exercise Intensity, Glycogen
6 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
APK 3110 – Week 12
Chapter 21
Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power
Exercise Training
• Goal: To improve performance in a specific physical task through stimulation of
structural and functional adaptations
o Variables
▪ Frequency
▪ Duration
▪ Type of training
▪ Speed
▪ Intensity
▪ Repetition
▪ Rest intervals
▪ Competition
o Overload principle
▪ Physiological function in enhanced by exercise overload to induce a
training response
• Manipulate 1 or more of above variables
Specificity
• Metabolic and physiological adaptations are specific to training performed
• SAID Principle
o Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands
• Aerobic overload must:
o Use the appropriate muscles needed by the activity
o Be high enough in intensity to stress the cardiovascular system
• Testing should mimic training to measure improvements
• Aerobic training is needed to improve VO2 max specifically but cardiac function can
improve with many types of training
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Specificity of Local Changes
• Aerobic overload/training
o Improves oxygen transport and use at muscle level
▪ Improved oxidative capacity
• Muscle can generate more ATP before lactate accumulates
▪ Greater blood flow in active tissues due to
• Increased microcirculation
• More effective redistribution of cardiac output
• Combination of both factors
o These adaptions are specific to training muscle only during specific exercise
performed
Anaerobic Power Training Adaptations
• Increased anaerobic substrate levels
o ATP
o PCr
o Free creatine
o Glycogen
• Increased quantity and activity of enzymes that control glycolytic phase of glucose
breakdown
o Still lower than changes seen with aerobic training
o Greatest changes in type 2 fibers
• Increased capacity to generate and tolerate high levels of blood lactate during all-out effort
o Increased levels of glycogen and glycolytic enzymes
o Improved pain tolerance and motivation
o No evidence of an increase in buffering capacity
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Aerobic Training: Metabolic Changes
• Endurance training:
o Larger and more mitochondria
▪ Increases capacity to generate ATP aerobically
▪ Increased enzyme activity
• Fat metabolism
o Increased FA oxidation at rest and submaximal exercise within two weeks of
training
o Increase use of intramuscular TAGs for FA oxidation
o Improved FA beta-oxidation and respiratory ATP production
• Carbohydrate metabolism
o Maximal exercise: improved CHO oxidation
o Submaximal exercise: decreased CHO is used as fuel
▪ Use of fatty acids
• Spare muscle glycogen
• Decreases glucose production and use
o Reduced hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
▪ Training enhances hepatic gluconeogenic capacity
• Increased resistance to hypoglycemia during
endurance exercise
o Reduces the use of plasma glucose
Aerobic Training: Muscle Fiber Type and Size
• Aerobic potential is maximized
• Enlargement of slow twitch fibers and greater oxidative potential
• Type 2 fibers
o Not recruited as much and there’s not much change in aerobic capacity
o Some may gain greater aerobic characteristics
• Myoglobin content
o There’s more myoglobin in slow twitch fibers than fast
o No evidence of training adaptions in humans yet
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Exercise training: goal: to improve performance in a specific physical task through stimulation of structural and functional adaptations, variables, frequency, duration, type of training, speed. Intensity: repetition, rest intervals, competition, overload principle, physiological function in enhanced by exercise overload to induce a training response, manipulate 1 or more of above variables. Specificity of local changes: aerobic overload/training, improves oxygen transport and use at muscle level. Improved oxidative capacity: muscle can generate more atp before lactate accumulates, greater blood flow in active tissues due to. Increased microcirculation: more effective redistribution of cardiac output, combination of both factors, these adaptions are specific to training muscle only during specific exercise performed. Increased anaerobic substrate levels: atp, pcr, free creatine, glycogen. Increased quantity and activity of enzymes that control glycolytic phase of glucose breakdown: still lower than changes seen with aerobic training, greatest changes in type 2 fibers.
