ECON 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Disinflation, Aggregate Demand, Laffer Curve

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18 Nov 2020

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If government attempts to maintain full employment, an inflationary spiral may occur. Otherwise, the recession will linger, with high unemployment and a loss of real output. Modern economies tend to experience positive rates of inflation due to. Economic growth causing rightward shifts of the as curve. Central banks then cause rightward shifts of the ad curve so that it proceeds just a little faster than the deflationary rightward shifts of the as curve. The net effect is (usually) a small positive rate of inflation. Economic growth causes increases in long-run aggregate supply. Whether deflation, or inflation accompanies growth depends on the extent to which aggregate demand increases relative to aggregate supply. Any inflation that occurs is the result of growth of aggregate demand. It is not the result of the growth of real gdp. Under normal circumstances, there is a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Aggregate supply shocks can cause both higher inflation and higher unemployment.

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1. In the long run, when prices are perfectly flexible:

a. aggregate supply is vertical and a market economy is self-correcting.

b. a market economy cannot self-correct.

c. government will be required to set prices to maintain equilibrium.

d. changes in aggregate demand cause equilibrium real GDP to change.

2. An increase in household wealth when the SRAS curve is upward sloping:

a. leads to an increase in the price level but has no impact on real GDP

b. has no impact on the price level but leads to an increase in real GDP

c. leads to an increase in both the price level and real GDP

d. has no impact on the price level or real GDP

3. In the long run, continued increases in aggregate demand not matched by similar increases in aggregate supply will cause:

a. an increase in the full-employment level of real GDP

b. a recessionary gap

c. a decrease in the price level

d. an increase in the price level

4. The vertical long-run aggregate supply curve implies that:

a. changes in aggregate demand will not affect the price level

b. the short-run aggregate supply curve is also vertical

c. natural or full-employment real GDP does not depend on the price level, in the long run

d. natural or full-employment real GDP is the same as the equilibrium real GDP in the short run

5. A rightward shift of the long-run aggregate supply curve illustrates:

a. economic growth

b. a recessionary gap

c. an inflationary gap

d. a decrease in natural real GDP

6. When the economy is in a recessionary gap

a. there is a surplus of labor

b. there is a shortage of labor

c. it is producing a real GDP level that is greater than natural real GDP

d. the unemployment rate is less than the natural unemployment rate

7. If the actual unemployment rate is less than the natural unemployment rate:

a. a recessionary gap exists and wages are likely to rise

b. an inflationary gap exists and wages are likely to rise

c. a recessionary gap exists and wages are likely to fall

d. an inflationary gap exists and wages are likely to fall

8. An economy in long-run equilibrium is producing:

a. a level of real GDP that is greater than its natural real GDP

b. where both the price level and real output are maximized

c. a level of real GDP equal to its natural real GDP

d. in the vertical range of aggregate demand.

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1. Which of the following shifts aggregate demand to the right?
a. Congress reduces purchases of new weapons systems.
b. US exports increase.
c. The price level falls
d. New developments in IT increase the productivity of most manufacturing industries in the US.

2. Suppose the EPA introduces new smog regulation that makes it costlier to produce cars. As a result, aggregate supply falls (primary effect) and firms cut back on production. With less output in the economy available for consumers, consumers bid up the prices of available output. With higher prices, firms choose to produce more (secondary effect).
Which of the following best explains what the net effect on GDP?
a. The two effects should essentially cancel out, with little to no effect on GDP, but the price level clearly rises.
b. It is impossible to say what happens to GDP without being able to compare the magnitudes of the two effects.
c. Real GDP rises as the secondary effect dominates the primary effect.
d. Real GDP falls since the primary effect dominates the secondary effect.

3. A Keynesian economist who observes an output gap would conclude that
a. aggregate demand should be shifted to the right.
b. a policy of deregulation would be better than demand management policy
c. aggregate supply should be shifted to the right
d. All proposed answer options are correct

4. Monetarists believe
a. the Aggregate Supply curve is upward-sloping (but not vertical) over all time frames.
b. the Aggregate Supply curve can be treated as horizontal in the long run (over 10 years
c. the Aggregate Supply curve is vertical only in the very long run (over 20 years).
d. the Aggregate Supply curve can be treated as vertical in the short-to-medium run (1-2 years)

5. Suppose the price of oil increases due to conflict in the Middle East. How will this be illustrated in the AD-AS model?
a. The aggregate demand curve will shift to the left
b. The aggregate supply curve will shift to the left.
c. The aggregate demand curve will shift to the right
d. The aggregate supply curve will shift to the right

6. Assume a Keynesian AS curve. In the short run, when there is a large output gap
a. contractionary demand management policy is likely to be highly inflationary
b. expansionary demand management policy does not cause much inflation.
c. expansionary demand management policy is likely to be highly inflationary
d. the government should use contractionary demand management policy

7. As a result of Bush tax cuts that partially expired in January 2013, the marginal tax rates for some households increased and these households paid higher taxes. Which of the following would be the best description of the tax cut expiration?
a. Rightward shift in AS
b. Rightward shift in AD
c. Leftward shift in AD
d. Leftward shift in AS

8. Suppose that the U.S. government increases income taxes on individuals earning more than $500,000/year and uses the revenue from this tax increase to subsidize the cost of energy for businesses. How will this policy change affect the U.S. economy?
a. The effect on output is ambiguous but price level will decrease for sure
b. The effect on both output and price level is ambiguous.
c. The effect on price level is ambiguous but output will increase for sure
d. The effect on price level is ambiguous but output will decrease for sure

9. If Australia, which imports goods from the United States, went into recession, we would expect that U.S. net exports would
a. rise, making aggregate demand shift right.
b. rise, making aggregate demand shift left
c. fall, making aggregate demand shift left
d. fall, making aggregate demand shift right

10. Suppose that Greece decides to exit the European Union and the Euro Zone, causing a boost in business confidence in European markets. How would you illustrate the primary effect of Greeceâs decision in the AD-AS model for the EU economy?

Note: for this question, assume that Y in the AD-AS model represents output (GDP) of EU member countries without Greece.
a. a shift in the aggregate supply curve to the left and a shift in the aggregate demand curve to the left
b. a shift in the aggregate demand curve to the right
c. a shift in the aggregate demand curve to the left
d. movement along the aggregate demand curve to the left

11. The Austrian school of thought believes that demand management policy should not be used because
a. big government prefers deregulation, which shifts aggregate supply
b. the economy is always at full employment
c. shifting AD to the right is likely to cause deflation
d. big government has a bias towards inflationary policy

rosedolphin326

In the money market, money supply is determined by the central bank, such as the Fed in the U.S. Because of this, money supply curve is usually vertical in the short run, while the money demand curve is downward sloping. The quantity demanded of money has an inverse relationship with the interest rate, but a direct relationship with both the price level and real GDP. Therefore, when the general price level increases, what will most likely happen?

		A. The money demand curve will shift to the right.
		B. The money demand curve will shift to the left.
		C. Both the interest rate and investment will rise.
		D. Only A and C.
		E. Only B and C.

Suppose workers become pessimistic about their future employment, which causes them to save more and spend less. If the economy is in the Keynesian range of the aggregate supply curve, then

		A. real GDP will fall and the price level will rise.
		B. real GDP will rise and the price level will fall.
		C. only the real GDP will fall.
		D. only the price level will fall.
		E. both real GDP and the price level will fall.

Which of the following will shift the aggregate demand curve to the left?

		A. The federal government increases spending for highways and bridges.
		B. Consumers expect an economic downturn.
		C. The federal government increases income taxes.
		D. Only A and C.
		E. Only B and C.

Which of the following will shift the aggregate supply curve to the left?

		A. All workers agree to a reduction in wages.
		B. The federal government increases the gasoline taxes.
		C. An improvement in technology raises labor productivity.
		D. Only A and C.
		E. Only B and C

There are also two kinds of deflation, the demand-pull deflation and cost-push deflation. Then which of the following is most likely to be true?

		A. An increase in AD will cause the demand-pull deflation.
		B. An increase in AS (or SRAS) will cause a cost-push deflation.
		C. Economists worry about the demand-pull deflation more than the cost-push deflation.
		D. Only A and C.
		E. Only B and C.

The short-run aggregate supply curve (SRAS) can be written as follows: Y = Yf + b (p - pe), where Y = real GDP, Yf = full-employment real GDP, p = price level, pe = expected price level, and b is a positive coefficient. The SRAS can be re-written as p = pe - (1/b)(Yf) + (1/b)(Y). Then which of the following is true?

		A. An increase in pe will cause a rightward shift of the SRAS curve.
		B. An increase in pe will cause a leftward shift of the SRAS curve.
		C. An increase in Yf will cause a leftward shift of the SRAS curve.
		D. Only A and C.
		E. Only B and C.

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ECON 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Disinflation, Aggregate Demand, Laffer Curve

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