NUTR 125 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Coeliac Disease, Active Transport, Constipation

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ochrehornet578

12 Aug 2020

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Facilitated diffusion - require a carrier (specific protein) to transport them across cell membrane. Active transport - requires transport protein and energy to move across membrane. Several different mechanisms are used to transport nutrients into cells lining the lumen of gastrointestinal tract. Water-soluble nutrients and smaller products of fat digestion enter directly into bloodstream. Lymphatic system-fats enter lymphatic system into prior to blood stream. Once nutrients are absorbed into the brush border, they are then distributed to cells of the body. Carbohydrates, amino acids, minerals, and water-soluble vitamins. Any undigested nutrients that remain in teh chyme are passed into the large intestine. Water and chemicals are absorbed into the bloodstream. Non-digestible matter forms feces, which are excreted thru the rectum. Home to more than 1000 species of bacteria. Helps to restore or mainitain a healhty balance of friendly bacteria in the gi tract. Fermented foods like yogurt, soy, miso, sauerkraut. Nondigestible carbs used by probiotics to boost growth.

Related Questions

1) The parasympathetic nervous system generally promotesdigestion. Innervation is via the vagus nerve. Ach binds tomuscarinic receptors. True or False?

2) Which of the following statements is correct?

a) The liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic arteryand deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein. Branches ofboth veins carry blood into liver sinusoids. Hepatocytes absorboxygen, most of the nutrients, and some toxins. Needed substancesare secreted back into the blood. Blood then drains into thecentral vein and into a hepatic vein.

b) The liver receives deoxygenated blood from the hepatic arteryand oxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein. Branches of bothveins carry blood into liver sinusoids. Hepatocytes absorb oxygen,most of the nutrients, and some toxins. Needed substances aresecreted back into the blood. Blood then drains into the centralvein and into a hepatic vein.

c) The liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic arteryand deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein. Branches ofboth veins carry blood into liver central vein. Hepatocytes absorboxygen, most of the nutrients, and some toxins. Needed substancesare secreted back into the blood. Blood then drains into thesinusoids and into a hepatic vein.

d) The liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic arteryand deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein. Branches ofboth veins carry blood into liver sinusoids. Kupffer cells absorboxygen, most of the nutrients, and some toxins. Needed substancesare secreted back into the blood. Blood then drains into thecentral vein and into a hepatic artery.

3) Regulation of secretion of saliva involves:

a) Parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation

b)Action of the inferior and superior salivatory nuclei in themedulla

c)Activity of the myenteric plexus

d)Activity of the submucosal plexus

4) Bile formed in the liver is transported to the gall bladderfor storage through which pathway? (Some steps may be omitted)

a)Bile duct, right and left hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct,cystic duct

b)Common hepatic duct, right and left hepatic ducts, bile duct,cystic duct

c) Right and left hepatic ducts, bile ducts, common hepaticduct, cystic duct

d) Bile ducts, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, right and lefthepatic ducts

5)Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a)Sodium ions are transported out of absorptive cells bybasolateral sodium pumps.

b) Negatively charged ions follow sodium or are moved out byactive transport.

c)Most water soluble vitamins are absorbed by activetransport.

d) Water absorption in the GI tract involves osmosis

6) Insulin is needed for carbohydrate metabolism because it

a)is required for the breakdown of complex carbohydrates

b)transports glucose in the bloodstream.

c)acts as a glucose receptor molecule on the cell surface.

d) is part of an active transport mechanism required for entryof glucose into cells

e)increases the insertion of a particular type of glucosetransport protein into the cell membrane

burgundygnat457

The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum.

1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

maroonguinea-pig686

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body. The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum. 1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

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NUTR 125 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Coeliac Disease, Active Transport, Constipation

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