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Caused by events that shift the ad and/or. Determine whether the event shifts ad or as. Use ad as diagram to see how the shift changes y and p in the s

Changes in un or natural rate of unemployment. Changes in physical capital or human capital. Changing weather patterns that affect agricultural product

Any event that changes c, i, g, or nx except a change in p will shift the ad curve. A stock market boom makes households feel wealthier, c rises, the a

Economic activity changes from year to year. In many years, the production of goods and services rises. For example, australian real gdp growth has bee

Wages set at a level above the level that balances supply and demand. Labour supply > labour de mand an excess supply of labour = unemployment. Minimum

Inflation occurs when, at the existing price level, there is a mismatch between: (a) what agents want in the aggregate (their plans or goals), and. (b)

Both high unemployment and high inflation indicate poor performance by the macroeconomy and generate large costs for households, firms, governments and

The equivalence of pigocian taxes and pollution permits. Economists usually prefer market-based policies over regulations as a way to deal with polluti

Problem: any allele that might foster the isolation within a population to get into the rest of the population, and isolation won"t evolve. Evolutionar

Transportation: some kind of movement of gametes. Protection mutualism: one will protect the other. Other will give some nutrient exchange as well. Poo

Later on, won"t be able to mate with each other. Hard to see in animals, but often in plants. Meiosis malfunction for plants, but won"t work for. Biolo

The role of environmental variation in determining species diversity has been important in ecological thought. Many plants and animals compete for spac

Men and women do not differ in overall iq. Men have a small advantage in some tasks requiring visuospatial reasoning. Women have a small advantage in s

Intelligence: the ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, an

Criminality is a product of genes and environment. Although the idea of environmental influences seems rather intuitive, regardless of knowledge regard

Criminal behavior has always been a focus for psychologists due to the age old debate between nature and nurture. Research has been conducted regarding

The science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie behavior. It is also the profession that applies the accu

The content and nature of the mind. The rational tradition of investigation: in order to discover the truth you have to think about it, think about you

The sum of our beliefs, opinions, and feelings is known as attitude, and it is shaped by social factors. People form attitudes through experience and s

Pressure to conform can take two primary forms: Normative influence is when people go along with the crowd to avoid standing out/feeling foolish. The e

Positive psychology was launched through the work of martin seligman, who encouraged study of qualities such as faith, creativity, and courage. There h

Threats to the balance between the id, ego and superego can result in anxiety, or the sense that danger is just around the corner. When the ego is face

Personality refers to both unique and common characteristics. There are two primary approaches to assessing personality. Idiographic approaches use a d

Each person has a conception of the self that consiste of different factors. This includes their mental representation of themselves, their thought pro

Over the long term, stress tends to negatively affect health; in particular, people who have very stressful jobs tend to have many health problems due

Being attractive conveys bene ts and better treatment from the time that you are an infant right up until the time you die. Physical appearance in uenc

This theory states that unconscious forces (wishes, desires) determine behavior and are caused by psychological, rather than physical, factors. Accordi

The idea of situationism states that behavior is affected more by the situations, rather than the personality traits of people. This has sparked the id

The peripheral route occurs when a person responds to cues that aren"t directly related to the argument being presented. Instead of focusing the qualit

Inborn patterns of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli. Instincts are innate patterns of behavior, elicited by environmental stimuli that do not

Once a response has been conditioned, we can end it with extinction. Even well established responses can be made to diminish and eventually disappear.

Sensory information from all areas of the body, below the neck, must go into the spinal cord to reach the brain (afferent function) Motor commands to a

We have a method for increasing the frequency of behaviors that never or rarely occur. Using shaping, or the method of successive approximations, we be

A system for communicating thoughts and feelings. A set of arbitrary signals that vary geographically. A way to connect with others across space and ti

Pre-synaptic axons have vesicles that pass neurotransmitters down the synapse, going to the post=synaptic axon. Limiting the amount of dopamine availab

Learning: a relatively enduring change in knowledge or behavior, resulting from experience. Associative learning: a basic form of learning to associate

Training and research at the penn vet working dog center. First studied by ivan pavlov through salivation studies with dogs. Before conditioning: uncon