IAFF 1005 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Wargames, Wartime Sexual Violence
13 Jun 2018
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Thursday Lecture: Gender, Security, and Safety
I. In water-poor areas, women/girls are usually responsible for water collection; a burden and often a danger
II. 35% of women worldwide have experienced physical and/or sexual violence (some studies: 70%)
III. Number of missing women/girls today may be greater than the number of war deaths in the 20th century
A. “An account of security that does not take into account gender-based violence is an impoverished
account of security”
B. Strong connection between the treatment of women in a society and the peacefulness of those
states (internally and externally)
C. Stronger than other factors: democracy, wealth…
D. A key policy variable: This is “amenable to change”
1. “It is possible that the export of norms of greater gender equality may prove a more
promising and effective strategy?”
IV. Gender and conflict
A. Conflict related violence vs. non-conflict violence
1. Gender based violence (GBV)
2. Sexual violence (SV)
3. Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)
4. Violence against women and girls (VAWG)
B. Was used as a way to destroy communities and drive people from their homes through forced
displacement
C. Many perceptions about wartime sexual violence
1. “Rape doesn’t happen by accident”
V. Policy implications
A. Sexual violence in wartime is not inevitable: varies greatly
B. Policy actions can help to prevent/reduce/end
C. Commanders are key; should be held accountable
D. State-led groups are key; leaders should be held accountable
E. Data/research: more research is needed
VI. UN WPS agenda
A. Participation equal participation and full involvement of women in promotion of peace/security
B. Protection from gender-based violence, of women’s rights
C. Prevention of violence against women
D. Relief and recovery
VII. War and armed conflict
A. 19th century: 19 million people killed
B. 20th century: 110-230 million people killed → the century of the modern industrial state
1. WWI: 13-15 million
2. WWII: 40-80 million
C. The Cold War: 20-35 million people killed → a threat of global thermonuclear war
D. The 1990s: 6 million killed
E. Questions of failed states and armed conflict
VIII. Long-term trends
A. The good news: since 1945, the classic wars of international affairs has declined
1. Less than 20% of all wars since 1945 have been inter-state
2. No direct, great power war since 1945
3. Since 1989, few inter-state conflicts
B. Bad news: Post-Cold War era still violent and deadly
1. 1990s: 57 armed conflicts in 45 countries; 6 million people killed
2. 2000s: 30-40 armed conflicts per year; 1 million people killed
C. Today, most conflicts take place within states and are hybrid
1. Conflicts within states are deadly and difficult to resolve
2. Often involve systematic, deliberate attacks on civilians (Rohingya)
3. Most intra-state conflicts are “internationalized” via outsiders like regional states and
powers (Syria)
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