Please help answer 4 questions:
1. Using the information provided thus far by both Parts I and II, answer the following questions.
What problems both stated and unstated does Phyllis seem to be experiencing? What pieces of background information (patient environment and social/family history) have been provided by the family?
2. Distinguish between the relevant and non relevant symptoms/lab results needed to form a diagnosis. Of the relevant symptoms/lab results, rank them in priority and defend your answer.
3. Given what you know about the role of myelin in action potential propagation and the key information previously identified in questions 1 and 2, explain why multiple sclerosis is the appropriate diagnosis.
4. Consider you are the physician, what would be your strategy to slow progression of the disease and compensate for reduced neuronal function? What is the long-term prognosis with treatment?
The Soccer Mom:
A Case Study on the Nervous System
by
Jennifer Bolognese, Misti Coronel, Anita Intorre, and
Phil Stephens Biology Department Villanova University
Part IâAt the Soccer Game
Thirty-two-year-old Phyllis Jackson was sitting on the bench at the side of the soccer ?eld, sipping a bottle of
Gatorade. Her husband, Steven, sat next to her with a concerned expression. âIâm really worried about you, honey,â he said.
âIâm just a little dehydrated; Iâll be ?ne.â
âIf this were the ?rst incident, then maybe Iâd agree with you. But your boss has been on your case about your lack of concentration at work, you forgot to pick up the kids from school last week, and quite frankly, you havenât exactly been yourself with me lately. Now youâre having fainting spells during games? Something doesnât seem right.â
âI know things havenât been going well for me lately, but I donât know why. I try so hard at work, at home, with the kids, to be a good wife. So maybe all this stress has made me a little unfocused and disoriented. What do you want me to do about it?â Phyllis said, blinking back tears.
âI think you should see a doctor,â Steven replied, putting his arm around her and drawing her close. âThe kids are getting worried, too.â
Phyllis sighed. âAlright, if it will make you feel better. I really just think I need some time to relax, though.â âWell⦠I could drop the kids of at my sisterâs tonight; that would give us a little free timeâ¦â
âThatâs really thoughtful of you. I could de?nitely use a quiet night at home, maybe even go to bed early.â Steven seemed disappointed.
Part IIâThe Doctor Visit
âSo, what seems to be the problem, Mrs. Jackson?â Dr. Warner asked Phyllis.
âMy husband wanted me to come in and see you after I fainted during my soccer game Saturday. Iâve also been having some problems at work, but I think Iâm just stressed.â
âWhat kinds of problems have you been having at work?â
âItâs been hard to concentrate on tasks. Iâve also had some problems typingâIâve been making more errors than usual, and oftentimes my ?ngers will go numb.â
âI see,â said Dr. Warner, taking a few notes on his clipboard. âAccording to my records you are not on any long term medication. Have you noticed any problems outside of work?â
âWell, my husband has been complaining about our personal life lately. And last week, I completely forgot that I was supposed to pick up our two daughters after school. Iâve been feeling really tired lately; even my coordination seems of.â
âHow long has this been going on for?â
âA few weeks, but this isnât the ?rst time. These problems seem to come and go, but itâs getting to the point where I canât just ignore them anymore. I donât know, maybe Iâm just depressed.â
âWhy do you say that?â
âMy mother suffered from depression throughout my childhood.â
âWell, depression certainly could cause some of the symptoms youâre experiencing,â Dr. Warner said thoughtfully. âIs there a history in your family of any neurological disorders?â âI donât think so. I have some vague recollection of my grandfather in a wheelchair when I was really young, but I donât know what was wrong with him.â
âOkay,â said the doctor, nodding. âWell, the few preliminary tests weâve run show that you are not pregnant, and that you are not going through menopause. Iâd like to send you to see Dr. Thrush, a friend and colleague of mine. She is a neurologist at the local hospital and she will run a few tests to explore your symptoms a little further.â
Questions: Analyze
1. Using the information provided thus far by both Parts I and II, answer the following questions.
What problems both stated and unstated does Phyllis seem to be experiencing? What pieces of background information (patient environment and social/family history) have been provided by the family?
Part IIIâDiagnostic Tests
Dr. Thrush looked over the results of Phyllisâs Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mri) and evoked potential tests. She was thinking how glad she was that Steven had accompanied Phyllis on this visit as she showed them the MR images of Phyllisâ brain.
âThe machine took pictures of Phyllisâ brain in slices. The dark areas are the brain tissue, Phyllis, and the white areas in the middle and around the outside are the cerebrospinal ?uid.â
âIs that normal? Am I ok?â Phyllis asked. âAnd what are those little white dots in the tissue?â
âThe white dots are what concerned me,â replied the doctor. âSo we did another type of mri, called dark ?uid, so that your cerebrospinal ?uid would not show up white.â
âBut I still see the white dots in my brain tissue. What does that mean?â
The doctor looked down, knowing that this was never an easy thing to tell a patient.
âI am afraid that this indicates that there are plaques or scars in your brain, and that you may have multiple sclerosis.â
Tears began to form in her eyes as Phyllis squeezed her husbandâs hand.
âI am afraid that the evoked potential test and the elevated levels of myelin basic protein in you cerebrospinal ?uid indicate the same thing.â
Questions: Evaluate and Apply
2. Distinguish between the relevant and non relevant symptoms/lab results needed to form a diagnosis. Of the relevant symptoms/lab results, rank them in priority and defend your answer.
3. Given what you know about the role of myelin in action potential propagation and the key information previously identified in questions 1 and 2, explain why multiple sclerosis is the appropriate diagnosis.
Part IVâThe Diagnosis
Dr. Thrush informed Phyllis that she was probably suffering from the relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis (ms), in which relapses of symptoms are separated by periods of remission. ms is a disorder in which the myelination of axons is degraded due to unknown factors. The most commonly accepted explanation is that ms is an autoimmune disorder in which myelin in the central nervous system is attacked by the bodyâs own immune system. There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis. During remission, axons affected by the disorder regain their function. Voltage-gated sodium channels are concentrated in the nodes of Ranvier and the distribution changes at disease onset.
Questions: Create
4. Consider you are the physician, what would be your strategy to slow progression of the disease and compensate for reduced neuronal function? What is the long-term prognosis with treatment?
Thank you for your time with this
