THEATER 335 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Tectospinal Tract, Idiopathy, Dyskinesia

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crimsonleopard770

28 Nov 2020

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Task 8: the motor system: how do the high, middle, and low levels of voluntary movement work, what brain regions deal with voluntary movement, what are the different spinal descending tracts and what are their functions (fig. The central motor system is arranged as a hierarchy of control levels: the forebrain at the top and the spinal cord at the bottom. Strategy: the goal of the movement and the movement strategy that best achieves the goal. Tactics: the sequences of muscle contractions, arranged in space and time, required to smoothly and accurately achieve the strategic goal. Execution: activation of the motor neuron and interneuron pools that generate the goal- directed movement and make any necessary adjustments of posture. Example: baseballer: the cerebral neocortex has information based on vision, audition, somatic sensation, and proprioception about precisely where the body is in space.

Related Questions

1.Describe an overview of motor system functioning in an example (i.e. seeing a cup on the table and picking it up, as described in class). Briefly (and simply) describe what happens at each component of the system, from higher order cortical regions all the way to the motor neurons (from the top down!). Also, briefly describe the roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in feedback control and movement initiation.

2.Identify the seven major descending motor control pathways. Which three originate in the cortex? Which four come from brainstem nuclei? Of the six we discussed in class, which are laterally descending pathways, and which descend medially? Briefly describe the general function of each (e.g. what part(s) of the body they serve, and/or what type of motor control is mediated).

redcattle150

If you accidentally grab a very hot frying pan with your right hand, _______ will _______ action potential frequency.

Î± motor neurons innervating the left elbow extensors; decrease

afferent neurons from the Golgi tendon organ in the right elbow extensors; increase

Î± motor neurons innervating the right elbow flexors; increase

afferent neurons from the intrafusal fibers of the right elbow flexors; increase

A 52-year-old woman has difficulty initiating voluntary movements. She can clearly state what she intends to do, describe exactly how she would do it, and picture herself doing it easily. When she is able to begin the motion, she can complete it smoothly and accurately, but she has difficulty beginning the motion. If the difficulty arises from a defect in one particular area of the nervous system, which area is most likely to be involved?

Invertebrates have often been used in motor control studies because

motor control pathways in invertebrates are all reflex pathways and therefore are simpler than pathways in vertebrates.

often only a few neurons are involved in a particular step in an invertebrate motor control pathway.

individual neurons are simpler in invertebrates than in vertebrates, and therefore motor control pathways are also simpler.

invertebrates have many more motor neurons in a single pathway compared to vertebrates.

Please explain why!!

Who is given credit for first deducing that the cerebrum receives sensations and the cerebellum helps control movement?

(a)Hippocrates (b) Aristotle (c) Galen (d)Descartes (e) Henry Gustave Molaison

Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the fluid-mechanical theory of brain function?

(a)The brain contains hollow, fluid-filled spaces called ventricles. (b)Nerves are hollow. (c) The body functions according to a balance of four vital fluids (humors). (d)Humors were moved to and from the brain by nerves. (e) The heart acts as a valve controlling the movement of animal spirits to and from the brain.

Which of the following statements is TRUE according to our current understanding of brain function?

(a)The brain contains hollow, fluid-filled spaces called ventricles. (b) Nerves are hollow. (c) The body functions according to a balance of four vital fluids (humors). (d) Humors were moved to and from the brain by nerves. (e)The heart acts as a valve controlling the movement of animal spirits to and from the brain.

Which of the following statements was not believed by Rene Descartes?

(a)The brain functions in accordance with the fluid-mechanical theory. (b)Animal spirits going through nerves inflate muscles. (c) The brain controls human behavior that is like that of other animals. (d) Uniquely human mental capacities also arise from the brain. (e) All of the above statements were believed by Descartes

Dissections of cadavers in the 17^th and 18^th centuries were important to furthering our understanding of nervous system structure and function. Of the statements below, all of which were contributions made by these dissections, which one came from a deduction rather than a direct observation?

(a) The brain has gray and white matter. (b) White matter brings information to and from gray matter. (c) There is a peripheral and a central nervous system. (d) The central division of the nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. (e) The brain has gyri and sulci.

H.M.âs epileptic seizures were thought to arise as a result of a

(a)congenital defect. (b)hard hit to his head sustained during childhood. (c)neurodegenerative disease. (d)viral infection. (e)genetic susceptibility.

After undergoing an experimental surgery to control his epilepsy, H.M.

(a)Experienced more frequent and severe seizures. (b)Had no semantic knowledge of events occurring before the surgery. (c) Was not able to learn and remember new facts.(d)Had no procedural memory of tasks learned before the surgery. (e)Was not able to form new procedural memories

H.M.âs surgical outcome was extraordinarily influential in changing the prevalent idea of brain functioning from that of mass action to that of specific brain regions carrying out specific functions. It provided the first evidence that which region of the brain is needed to form new declarative memories?

((a)The cerebrum (b)The cerebellum (c) The hypothalamus (d)The hippocampus. (e)The frontal lobe

You are meeting a new patient in your clinical practice. The man starts to speak and this is what comes out of his mouth in a steady stream âDog blue sky carry coffee wheel table raw simple sign cigarette book test car view draw mean witch two famous shoe cookie cat road mouse baby trousers.â As a result of this, you immediately suspect damage to which part of his brain?

(a) The hippocampus. (b) The amygdala (c) The auditory cortex. (d)Brocaâs area. (e)Wernickeâs area.

Karl Lashley assessed the ability of rodents to learn and remember a maze after regions of their brain had been removed. His results indicated to him that the brain functions by mass action. How do we explain this incorrect conclusion today?

(a) His experiments were flawed by not having the correct controls.

(b)He removed too much brain tissue at a time.

(d)Rodents have many ways to learn a maze.

(e)All of the above

THEATER 335 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Tectospinal Tract, Idiopathy, Dyskinesia

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