BIOL 2051 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Bronchus, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Enterobacter

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jadefish180

25 Aug 2016

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Igg: which is found in breast milk. Iv: which is an example of delayed hypersensitivity, tuberc, this is the number needed to infect half the experimental group. List from places where there"s the least to the most microbes. Plasma b cell makes specific antibody defensin peptides disrupt cytoplasmic membrane, chemical barrier interferon interferes with viral replication, species specific, virus nonspecific. Vi prevents complement binding and antibody mediated killin. Put these in order - exposure, adhesin, invasion, colonize (growth) immunogenicity ability of antigen to begin immune response. Something about polymorphonuclear (pmn) leukocytes and the answer is neutrophils an example of artifically acquired active immunity :: toxoid. Streptococcus mutans: septic shock is due to what? (cid:0) inflammation by superantigens. 4. extravasation deals with what cell going through system? macrophage. 15. something about the cause systematic inflamation by superantigens? a lot of cytokine production: which is an opportunistic pathogen? (cid:0) pyogenes, corny diptheria.

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30. Microbe-Human Interactions.

a. Define pathogen, disease, normal flora. Under what conditions might a normal flora organism cause disease.

b. What parts of the body should stay absolutely sterile under normal circumstances.

c. How are Kochâs postulates used.

d. Define communicable, non-communicable, acute, chronic, endemic, epidemic, pandemic,

symptomatic, asymptomatic, and subclinical.

e. For a disease to be spread, there must be a reservoir, mode of transmission, and portal of entry.

f. For humans, what is the most significant reservoir.

g. Define : direct contact, droplet transmission, indirect contact, vehicle transmission, arthropod vectors

h. For a microorganism to cause disease, it typically must attach to host tissue, overcome the host defense, and cause tissue damage.What structures are used for attachment.What are some ways in which microorganisms overcome the host immune system.What distinguishes exotoxins from endotoxin.

31. Immune Defenses.

a. What are the major elements of the first, second, and third lines of defense.

b. What are the steps of phagocytosis and inflammation? What are the 3 complement pathways?

c. Which lines of defense are considered specific? Which are considered non-specific?

d. There are two major types of specific immunity, humoral and cell-mediated.

e. Humoral immunity involves B cells and antibodies. What are the major classes and activities of antibodies.

f. Cell mediated immunity involves T cells. What are 2 major types of T cells? What are their activities.

32. Staphylococcus aureus.

a. Gram positive cocci in grape-like clusters.

b. Skin infections (scalded skin syndrome, impetigo) (many other types of infection are also possible).

33. Streptococcus pyogenes.

a. Gram positive cocci in chains.

a. Strep throat, skin/wound infections (impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis âflesh eating diseaseâ), scarlet fever (other types of infection are also possible)

burgundymallard431

Bill was healthy for the first 10 months of his life. In the next year he had pneumonia once, several ear infections, and a streptococcal infection of the skin. These were all treated successfully with antibiotics, but it seemed to his mother he was always on some type of antibiotic. He was a bright and active child who developed normally but he continued to have repeated infections of the ears and sinuses and twice more had pneumonia. At 2 years old his pediatrician tested his serum immunoglobulins and found 80mg/dl IgG (normal is 600-1500mg/dl); no IgA (normal is 50-125 mg/dl), and only 10mg/dl IgM (normal is 75-150mg/dl). Bill was started on monthly intramuscular injections of gamma globulin; his serum level was maintained at 200mg/dl. He did well in school despite numerous absences with recurrent pneumonia and other infections. At age 9 he was hospitalized for partial lung collapse and a chronic cough. On physical examination he was found to be well-developed and alert with normal height and weight, although the doctor noted that he had no visible tonsils. Lab tests showed that his WBC was normal. Flow cytometry was performed on the cells to determine the types of lymphocytes that were present: 85% were determined to be T-cells, but none displayed the marker for a B-cell (normal is 12%). T-cell proliferation indices were normal. Serum IgG remained low and serum IgA and IgM were undetectable. He was given intravenous gamma globulin to maintain his IgG levels at 600mg/dl by infusing himself with 20g of gamma globulin every weekend. He improved remarkably but still has occasional bouts of sinus infections which respond well to antibiotic treatment.

Billâs recurrent infections were almost all due to Streptococcus and Haemophilis species. These bacteria have a slimy capsule composed of polysaccharide polymers that do not respond well to phagocytosis alone. How might the body normally remove this type of infection?

What other genetic defect of the immune system (other than lack of IgG) could mimic this type of disorder?

taupeherring115

16. All of the following are true about ear infections EXCEPT:

Middle ear infections (otitis media) often produce a puslike exudate (referred to as otitis media with effusion) due to infection by genera of Streptococcus, Haemophilus, or various species of anaerobes.

External auditory canal (otitis externa) infections are typically caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

After successful treatment of middle ear infections with antibiotics, sometimes tubes are inserted to prevent fluid accumulation, repeated infections, and hearing loss.

Pseudomonad infections are common in swimmers because these organisms are able to produce a soluble greenish-blue pigment.

Repeated ear infections in children often decrease markedly because as the child ages and the Eustachian tube changes shape and develops an angle that prevents most organisms from reaching the middle ear.

17. Why are colds difficult to treat and prevent?

Different cold viruses predominate during different seasons.

Because there are so many different types of rhino- and coronaviruses, each with different antigens, development and administration of vaccines are currently prohibitive.

Although some human interferons have been shown to block or limit rhinovirus infections, delivery to infection sites is difficult, and unwanted side effects can occur.

All of the above.

Both a and c.

18. Which of the following is NOT true about parainfluenza viruses?

Most infants by the age of 6 months have been exposed to and develop antibodies against all 4 parainfluenza viruses.

They cause rhinitis characterized by nasal, pharyngeal, and bronchial inflammation, primarily in children.

Parainfluenza virus infection can be prevented by vaccination.

They can cause noisy respiration (stridor) and acute obstruction of the larynx called croup.

The viruses are spread by direct contact or by large droplets.

19. In whooping cough, patients experience violent coughing episodes during the _________ stage and can have bluing of the skin or _________ due to lack of oxygen from massive mucus and bacterial airway blockage.

Paroxysmal; cyanosis

Catarrhal; pigmentation

Convalescent; osmosis

Pneumotic; hydrolysis

Primary; emesis

20. Penicillins have no effect on Mycoplasma pneumoniae because:

Mycoplasmas are viruses

Mycoplasmas possess beta lactamases

Mycoplasmas are too small

Mycoplasmas are eukaryotes

Mycoplasmas lack cell walls

21. How many cases of tuberculosis are reported globally each year?

10,000

100,000

3 million

10 million

22. Mycobacteria are difficult to Gram stain, and are termed âacid-fastâ due to their:

Ability to survive in acidic conditions

Resistance to drying

Thick, waxy cell walls

Resistance to sunlight

Lack of a peptidoglycan layer

23. Which of the following is true about pathogenic mycobacteria?

They have a long generation time of 12 to 18 hours.

They are obligate anaerobes sensitive to small amounts of oxygen.

They are highly resistant to drying and can remain viable in dried sputum 6 to 8 months later.

Both a and b.

Both a and c.

24. Clinical symptoms of tuberculosis are primarily due to:

Host inflammatory response

Mycotoxins

Endotoxin

Mucus production

Exotoxin

25. What characteristic of Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, allows it to survive for up to 2 years?

Metachromatic granule

Exotoxin

Endospore

Hemagglutinin

Cilia

26. The normal microflora of the heart includes species of:

Gram-positive bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria

Fungi

Viruses

None of these

27. Which of the following is commonly directly responsible for causing septic shock today?

Bacterial hemagglutinins

Bacterial endotoxins

Bacterial exotoxins

Fungal aflatoxins

Bacterial neurotoxins

28. All of the following are symptoms of septic shock EXCEPT

Shock

Lymphangitis

Chills

Fever

Collapsed blood vessels

29. What is the most likely explanation of how Streptococcus pyogenes causes rheumatic fever?

Strep throat infections migrate down to the heart.

Endotoxin production causes septicemia.

Vegetation followed by fibrin deposition.

Cross-reactivity of an antibody for a Streptococcus pyogenes antigen to a heart cell antigen.

It is an opportunistic infection triggered by coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis.

30. Bacterial endocarditis is an infection and inflammation of the lining and valves of the heart and occurs as a result of transient bacteria attaching to fibrin from exposed collagen fibers of damaged valvular surfaces. True or false?

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BIOL 2051 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Bronchus, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Enterobacter

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