KNH 411 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Peripheral Artery Disease, Coronary Artery Disease, Atherosclerosis
17 Dec 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular Diseases
- Cardiovascular diseases include: atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic
heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure
o Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease – narrowing of blood vessels
that oxygenate the heart by the build-up of plaque (known as
atherosclerosis)
- Cardiovascular disease risk factors: hypertension, older than 45 for
me/older than 55 for women, diabetes mellitus, family history of
premature cardiovascular disease (lower than 45 in men and 55 in women)
o Modifiable risk factors (lab results)
▪ Lipoprotein profile
▪ Elevated LDL levels
▪ Elevated total triglycerides
▪ Low HDL levels
▪ Inflammatory markers
o Lifestyle risk factors
▪ Tobacco use
▪ Physical inactivity
▪ Poor diet
▪ Stress
▪ Insufficient sleep
▪ Excessive alcohol consumptions
- Related conditions: hypertension, obesity, metabolic syndrome
Lifestyle Guidelines for CVD
- Adhere to heart healthy diet
- Regular exercise
- Avoidance of tobacco products
- Maintenance of a healthy weight/ weight reduction – strong association
between CVD/hypertension and BMI
Diet for CVD
- Mediterranean diet – high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fatty fish,
lean meats, low fat dairy products, abundant nuts and legumes, oils, etc.
- DASH diet – Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension – high in fruits,
vegetables, low fat dairy products, whole grains and fish and nuts/ low in
animal meats and sugar
- To lower LDL levels
o Consume diet rich in vegetables, fruits and whole grains; aim for diet
with 5-6% of saturated fat only, reduce number of calories from
saturated fat and trans fats
- To lower blood pressure
o Lower sodium intake (no more than 2400 per day) – 1500 is desirable
because its associated with even greater reduction in blood pressure;
follow DASH diet
- Physical activity – recommended for adults 3-4 times a week for 40
minutes/session – moderate to vigorous activity
o Helps to lower LDL cholesterol and blood pressure
- Foods High in Sodium
o Smoked, processed or cured meats and fish (tuna, cold cuts, hot
dogs, sausage, salted pork, corned beef, bacon, ham, etc.)
o Tomato juice/tomato sauce
o Meat extracts, meat sauce, taco seasoning
o Salted snacks (potato chips, crackers, nuts)
o Prepared salad dressings, condiments, relishes and ketchup; BBQ
sauce, pickles, salsa and olives
o Packaged mixes for sauces, gravies, potato or rice dishes and
macaroni and cheese
o Cheeses (processed and cheese spreads)
o Frozen entrees and pot pies
o Canned soup
o Foods eaten away from home
Examples of Nutrition Diagnosis Terms
- Excessive energy intake
- Excessive intake of fats
- Excessive alcohol intake
- Inadequate fiber intake
- Inadequate calcium intake
- Excessive sodium intake
- Overweight or obesity
- Undesirable food choices
Document Summary
Cardiovascular diseases include: atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and heart failure: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease narrowing of blood vessels that oxygenate the heart by the build-up of plaque (known as atherosclerosis) Maintenance of a healthy weight/ weight reduction strong association between cvd/hypertension and bmi. Mediterranean diet high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fatty fish, lean meats, low fat dairy products, abundant nuts and legumes, oils, etc. Dash diet dietary approaches to stop hypertension high in fruits, vegetables, low fat dairy products, whole grains and fish and nuts/ low in animal meats and sugar. To lower ldl levels: consume diet rich in vegetables, fruits and whole grains; aim for diet with 5-6% of saturated fat only, reduce number of calories from saturated fat and trans fats. To lower blood pressure: lower sodium intake (no more than 2400 per day) 1500 is desirable because its associated with even greater reduction in blood pressure; follow dash diet.
