ADHM 141 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Masculinity, Future Orientation, Individualism
22 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Forces Shaping Tourism
Behavior choices are determined by the type of psychological factors
Motivation
§
Perception
§
Learning
§
Attitude
§
○
These factors are, in turns, determined by such things such as
Personality
§
Society
§
Culture
§
Other forces external to the individual
§
○
•
The effects of Culture on Travel
Individuals chooses a vacation to satisfy their individual needs and wants
○
The way in which these wants are satisfied is heavily influenced by forces external to
the individual
○
Individuals social group culture
○
•
Culture
Beliefs
○
Values
○
Attitudes
○
Habits
○
Forms of behavior
○
•
Culture in tourism
The impact of tourism on local culture
Fostering or destroying culture?
§
○
The role of culture in travel behaviors
Attitudes, perceptions, values, behaviors, satisfaction
§
○
•
Impact of Cultural values on tourism
Cultural values
Give individuals rules for behavior
§
Develop certain attitudes and perceptions
§
Influence how people evaluate the world
§
○
Cultural differences
Can impact the level of satisfaction that tourists have a destination
§
Cultural differences can cause difficulties in social interaction
§
○
Culture affects
The kinds of vacations that are acceptable
§
Acceptable behaviors while on vacation
§
Attitudes toward the environment and its influence on vacation activities
§
Types of foods/ beverages consumed
§
Languages and expressions used
§
○
•
Culture and Social Group
Groups are classified into
Primary: friends or family
§
Secondary: unions, frats, church.. Ect
§
○
Surrounding culture of consumer
Knowledge of how the culture affects the individual, the social groups to
which the individual belongs, and society as a whole
§
○
•
Strategies to overcome cultural barriers
When marketing internationally
Adapt to local culture
§
Do not adapt to local culture
§
Pattern globalization ( overall image is adapted slightly at the local level while
still following the overall plan. Message is the same but delivered differently)
§
Change the culture being marketed to: expensive, time consuming, ethically
questionable
§
○
•
Hofstede's model for analyzing a culture
He analyzed work-related values of 50 countries on four dimensions
Individualism versus collectivism
Relationship b/w one and others□
§
Masculinity vs femininity
§
Large vs. small power distance
How society deals with the fact that people are unequal□
§
Strong or weak uncertainty avoidance
§
○
•
U.S. Culture v
values
Individualism
§
Precise reckoning of time
§
Future orientation
§
Work and achievement
§
Control over natural environment
§
Youthfulness
§
Informality
§
Competition
§
Relative equality of the sexes
§
○
Generations core values
Veterans (1922-1943)
Dedication, sacrifice, hard work, conformity, law and order, respect for
authority, patience, delayed reward, duty before pleasure
□
§
Baby Boombers (1943-1960)
Optimistic and team orientated□
Personal gratification, health, and wellness, personal growth□
§
Gen Xers (1960-1980)
Diversity, thinking globally, balance, techno literacy, fun, information,
self-reliance, and pragmatism
□
§
Nexters (1980-2000)
Optimistic and confident, civic duty, achievement, morality, diversity□
§
○
•
Time/ Work/ Leisure
Time is a major inhibiting factor to travel
Finances and desire don’t matter if there isn't time
Maintenance □
Work□
Leisure□
§
○
•
Age
The amount of leisure time available
○
Types and extent of activities at various ages
Younger people = more adventurous
§
Older people= father destinations
§
○
•
Income
Recreation expenditure
○
Length of vacation
○
•
Gender
Participation rates in leisure activities are similar
○
Preferred activities are different
○
•
Education
Strong correlation b/w education and income
○
Choice of leisure and travel activities
○
More education = broader horizons and more options
○
More education = sophisticated in their taste
○
•
Personality
Introverts
Don’t seek company
§
Rarely choose outdoor recreation
§
○
Extroverts
Enjoy company
§
Outdoor activates
§
○
Ventures
More adventurous, less populated areas
§
Travel more as a child
§
Wealthier, self- confident
§
○
Dependable
Tour groups and developed areas
§
Travel less than ventures
§
○
•
}
transmitted from generation to generation
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT CH 10
Thursday, February 2, 2017
12:30 PM
Forces Shaping Tourism
Behavior choices are determined by the type of psychological factors
Motivation
§
Perception
§
Learning
§
Attitude
§
○
These factors are, in turns, determined by such things such as
Personality
§
Society
§
Culture
§
Other forces external to the individual
§
○
•
The effects of Culture on Travel
Individuals chooses a vacation to satisfy their individual needs and wants
○
The way in which these wants are satisfied is heavily influenced by forces external to
the individual
○
Individuals social group culture
○
•
Culture
Beliefs
○
Values
○
Attitudes
○
Habits
○
Forms of behavior
○
•
Culture in tourism
The impact of tourism on local culture
Fostering or destroying culture?
§
○
The role of culture in travel behaviors
Attitudes, perceptions, values, behaviors, satisfaction
§
○
•
Impact of Cultural values on tourism
Cultural values
Give individuals rules for behavior
§
Develop certain attitudes and perceptions
§
Influence how people evaluate the world
§
○
Cultural differences
Can impact the level of satisfaction that tourists have a destination
§
Cultural differences can cause difficulties in social interaction
§
○
Culture affects
The kinds of vacations that are acceptable
§
Acceptable behaviors while on vacation
§
Attitudes toward the environment and its influence on vacation activities
§
Types of foods/ beverages consumed
§
Languages and expressions used
§
○
•
Culture and Social Group
Groups are classified into
Primary: friends or family
§
Secondary: unions, frats, church.. Ect
§
○
Surrounding culture of consumer
Knowledge of how the culture affects the individual, the social groups to
which the individual belongs, and society as a whole
§
○
•
Strategies to overcome cultural barriers
When marketing internationally
Adapt to local culture
§
Do not adapt to local culture
§
Pattern globalization ( overall image is adapted slightly at the local level while
still following the overall plan. Message is the same but delivered differently)
§
Change the culture being marketed to: expensive, time consuming, ethically
questionable
§
○
•
Hofstede's model for analyzing a culture
He analyzed work-related values of 50 countries on four dimensions
Individualism versus collectivism
Relationship b/w one and others□
§
Masculinity vs femininity
§
Large vs. small power distance
How society deals with the fact that people are unequal□
§
Strong or weak uncertainty avoidance
§
○
•
U.S. Culture v
values
Individualism
§
Precise reckoning of time
§
Future orientation
§
Work and achievement
§
Control over natural environment
§
Youthfulness
§
Informality
§
Competition
§
Relative equality of the sexes
§
○
Generations core values
Veterans (1922-1943)
Dedication, sacrifice, hard work, conformity, law and order, respect for
authority, patience, delayed reward, duty before pleasure
□
§
Baby Boombers (1943-1960)
Optimistic and team orientated□
Personal gratification, health, and wellness, personal growth□
§
Gen Xers (1960-1980)
Diversity, thinking globally, balance, techno literacy, fun, information,
self-reliance, and pragmatism
□
§
Nexters (1980-2000)
Optimistic and confident, civic duty, achievement, morality, diversity□
§
○
•
Time/ Work/ Leisure
Time is a major inhibiting factor to travel
Finances and desire don’t matter if there isn't time
Maintenance □
Work□
Leisure□
§
○
•
Age
The amount of leisure time available
○
Types and extent of activities at various ages
Younger people = more adventurous
§
Older people= father destinations
§
○
•
Income
Recreation expenditure
○
Length of vacation
○
•
Gender
Participation rates in leisure activities are similar
○
Preferred activities are different
○
•
Education
Strong correlation b/w education and income
○
Choice of leisure and travel activities
○
More education = broader horizons and more options
○
More education = sophisticated in their taste
○
•
Personality
Introverts
Don’t seek company
§
Rarely choose outdoor recreation
§
○
Extroverts
Enjoy company
§
Outdoor activates
§
○
Ventures
More adventurous, less populated areas
§
Travel more as a child
§
Wealthier, self- confident
§
○
Dependable
Tour groups and developed areas
§
Travel less than ventures
§
○
•
}
transmitted from generation to generation
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT CH 10
Thursday, February 2, 2017
12:30 PM
Forces Shaping Tourism
Behavior choices are determined by the type of psychological factors
Motivation
§
Perception
§
Learning
§
Attitude
§
○
These factors are, in turns, determined by such things such as
Personality
§
Society
§
Culture
§
Other forces external to the individual
§
○
•
The effects of Culture on Travel
Individuals chooses a vacation to satisfy their individual needs and wants
○
The way in which these wants are satisfied is heavily influenced by forces external to
the individual
○
Individuals social group culture
○
•
Culture
Beliefs
○
Values
○
Attitudes
○
Habits
○
Forms of behavior
○
•
Culture in tourism
The impact of tourism on local culture
Fostering or destroying culture?
§
○
The role of culture in travel behaviors
Attitudes, perceptions, values, behaviors, satisfaction
§
○
•
Impact of Cultural values on tourism
Cultural values
Give individuals rules for behavior
§
Develop certain attitudes and perceptions
§
Influence how people evaluate the world
§
○
Cultural differences
Can impact the level of satisfaction that tourists have a destination
§
Cultural differences can cause difficulties in social interaction
§
○
Culture affects
The kinds of vacations that are acceptable
§
Acceptable behaviors while on vacation
§
Attitudes toward the environment and its influence on vacation activities
§
Types of foods/ beverages consumed
§
Languages and expressions used
§
○
•
Culture and Social Group
Groups are classified into
Primary: friends or family
§
Secondary: unions, frats, church.. Ect
§
○
Surrounding culture of consumer
Knowledge of how the culture affects the individual, the social groups to
which the individual belongs, and society as a whole
§
○
•
Strategies to overcome cultural barriers
When marketing internationally
Adapt to local culture
§
Do not adapt to local culture
§
Pattern globalization ( overall image is adapted slightly at the local level while
still following the overall plan. Message is the same but delivered differently)
§
Change the culture being marketed to: expensive, time consuming, ethically
questionable
§
○
•
Hofstede's model for analyzing a culture
He analyzed work-related values of 50 countries on four dimensions
Individualism versus collectivism
Relationship b/w one and others
□
§
Masculinity vs femininity
§
Large vs. small power distance
How society deals with the fact that people are unequal
□
§
Strong or weak uncertainty avoidance
§
○
•
U.S. Culture v
values
Individualism
§
Precise reckoning of time
§
Future orientation
§
Work and achievement
§
Control over natural environment
§
Youthfulness
§
Informality
§
Competition
§
Relative equality of the sexes
§
○
Generations core values
Veterans (1922-1943)
Dedication, sacrifice, hard work, conformity, law and order, respect for
authority, patience, delayed reward, duty before pleasure
□
§
Baby Boombers (1943-1960)
Optimistic and team orientated□
Personal gratification, health, and wellness, personal growth□
§
Gen Xers (1960-1980)
Diversity, thinking globally, balance, techno literacy, fun, information,
self-reliance, and pragmatism
□
§
Nexters (1980-2000)
Optimistic and confident, civic duty, achievement, morality, diversity□
§
○
•
Time/ Work/ Leisure
Time is a major inhibiting factor to travel
Finances and desire don’t matter if there isn't time
Maintenance □
Work□
Leisure□
§
○
•
Age
The amount of leisure time available
○
Types and extent of activities at various ages
Younger people = more adventurous
§
Older people= father destinations
§
○
•
Income
Recreation expenditure
○
Length of vacation
○
•
Gender
Participation rates in leisure activities are similar
○
Preferred activities are different
○
•
Education
Strong correlation b/w education and income
○
Choice of leisure and travel activities
○
More education = broader horizons and more options
○
More education = sophisticated in their taste
○
•
Personality
Introverts
Don’t seek company
§
Rarely choose outdoor recreation
§
○
Extroverts
Enjoy company
§
Outdoor activates
§
○
Ventures
More adventurous, less populated areas
§
Travel more as a child
§
Wealthier, self- confident
§
○
Dependable
Tour groups and developed areas
§
Travel less than ventures
§
○
•
}transmitted from generation to generation
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT CH 10
Thursday, February 2, 2017 12:30 PM
Document Summary
Behavior choices are determined by the type of psychological factors. These factors are, in turns, determined by such things such as. Individuals chooses a vacation to satisfy their individual needs and wants. The way in which these wants are satisfied is heavily influenced by forces external to the individual. Influence how people evaluate the world nal to. Can impact the level of satisfaction that tourists have a destination. Cultural differences can cause difficulties in social interaction. Attitudes toward the environment and its influence on vacation activities. Knowledge of how the culture affects the individual, the social groups to which the individual belongs, and society as a whole. Pattern globalization ( overall image is adapted slightly at the local level while still following the overall plan. Change the culture being marketed to: expensive, time consuming, ethically questionable. He analyzed work-related values of 50 countries on four dimensions. How society deals with the fact that people are unequal.
