PSY 3430 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Reading Disability, Temporal Lobe, Otitis Media
3 Jul 2018
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Tuesday, February 27, 2018
Communication and learning disorders:
Definitions and history:
•Learning disability: learning problems that occur in the absence of other obvious
conditions"
•Term replaced in DSM-5 by more specific terms, comm. disorders and learning
disorders"
•Affects how individuals of at least normal intelligence take in, retain, or express info."
Language development:
•Infants selectively attend to parental speech sounds"
•By age 1, a child can recognize several words as well as say a few words to express
needs ad emotions"
•Over the next 2 years, language development increases exponentially along w/ the
ability to formulate complex ideas and express new concepts"
Phonological awareness
•Lang. development: early language problems are highly predictive of subsequent
communication and learning disorders and should not be ignored"
•Phonology "
•Deficits in phonology are a chief reason that individuals develop communications
and learning disorders"
•About 80% of children can use phonemes properly by age 7"
Categories of communication disorders
•Language, speech sound, childhood-onset fluency, social (pragmatic) comm.
disorder "
Language disorder (LD)
•Characterized by deficits in expression despite normal comprehension of speech"
•When a Childs language matures at least 12 months behind his/her chronological
age"
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Tuesday, February 27, 2018
•Onset during developmental period"
•Children w/ LD often have delayed/slowed speech development, limited vocabulary,
and speech marked by short sentences and simple grammatical structure"
Prevalence and course of LD
•Affects 7% of younger school aged children"
•comm. disorders are identified twice ad often in boys than girls"
•50% fully outgrow them"
•assoc. w/ higher than normal rates of neg. behaviors"
Causes of LD
•Genetics: temporal processing deficits"
•Brain: circular feedback loop in left temporal lobe; problems in connections between
brain areas and less brain activity in left temporal region"
•Recurrent middle ear infections in first year of life may lead to speech and language
delays"
•Home environment"
Treatment of LD
•LD & other similar comm. disorders usually self-correct by age 6 and may not require
intervention"
•Strategies for parents to stimulate lang development"
•Enroll child in a specialized program; using a combo of computer and teacher
assisted instruction to teach early academic skills"
•Build on Childs existing strengths"
Childhood onset fluency disorder
•The repeated and prolonged pronunciation ion of certain syllables that interfere w/
communication"
•Prevalence and course"
•Gradual onset b/t ages 2 & 7; peaks at 5"
•About 3% of children are affected"
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Document Summary
Categories of communication disorders: language, speech sound, childhood-onset uency, social (pragmatic) comm. disorder. Language disorder (ld: characterized by de cits in expression despite normal comprehension of speech, when a childs language matures at least 12 months behind his/her chronological age. : onset during developmental period, children w/ ld often have delayed/slowed speech development, limited vocabulary, and speech marked by short sentences and simple grammatical structure. Prevalence and course of ld: a ects 7% of younger school aged children, comm. disorders are identi ed twice ad often in boys than girls, 50% fully outgrow them, assoc. w/ higher than normal rates of neg. behaviors. Childhood onset uency disorder: the repeated and prolonged pronunciation ion of certain syllables that interfere w/ communication, prevalence and course, gradual onset b/t ages 2 & 7; peaks at 5, about 3% of children are a ected.
