BIOL 22100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Viremia, Bacteremia, Sepsis

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26 Aug 2016

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A disseminated infection spreads to other parts of the body. Courses of infection are acute, chronic, and latent talked about in previous slides. In latent, there are infectious bacteria in your body in the inbetween stage at a low level. Bacteria are not the only thing that can cause a disease. Infection- organism inside you like a virus or bacteria itself cause a disease. Intoxication- a toxin produced by the organism causes the disease, organism does not have to be present antibiotics have no effect, must use antibodies. Immunogenic- immune system response that will kill bacteria damages your own tissues, like an autoimmune disease. Native flora in the gut has a big influence on all aspects of your health. This happens with pili adhering to host cell glycoprotein receptors. Pathogens have to compete with the native flora in order to successfully replicate. A lot of bacteria produces iga protease to cleave iga.

Related Questions

Highlight or bold the answer you select for multiple choice or type in your answer in the blank space provided.

1. Which of the following is not true of the nervous system?

Consists of central and peripheral systems

(b) Central nervous system is composed of brain and spinal cord

(d) Meninges are membranes that cover brain and spinal cord

(e) Normally free of microbes

2. Which of the following is a common cause of meningitis in nonimmunized young children?

(a) Streptococcus pneumoniae

(b) Escherichia coli

(d) Haemophilus influenzae

(e) None of the above

3. A complication of infection with this organism (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome) can occur if the organism becomes widely distributed in the body, leading to endotoxin shock and death. The organism is:

(a) Haemophilus influenzae type A

(b) Neisseria meningitidis

(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae

(e) Listeria monocytogenes

4. Which of the following bacterial meningitis diseases currently is the most common type in the U.S., with increased incidences in infants and in the 15- to 24-year-old age group, and has three types or strains of the infectious microbe?

(a) Haemophilus meningitis

(b) Listeriosis

(d) Meningococcal meningitis

(e) a and c

5. Before development of a vaccine against this microbe, the disease it caused accounted for two-thirds of bacterial meningitis cases during the first year of life but is still the number one leading cause of mental retardation in patients who survive serious disease due to permanent central nervous system disorders. What is the microorganism?

(a) Haemophilus influenzae type B

(b) Haemophilus influenzae type A

(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae

(e) Listeria monocytogenes

6. Which of the following bacteria that may cause meningitis is Gram-positive and therefore does not cause endotoxin shock in infected individuals?

(a) Escherichia coli

(b) Neisseria meningitidis

(d) Haemophilus influenzae type B

(e) None of these

7. Avid swimmers and hot tub enthusiasts sometimes acquire an opportunistic infection caused by Naegleria fowleri that results in a meningoencephalitis. This organism is a (an):

(a) Protist

(b) Helminth

(d) Amoeba

(e) a and d

8. Which of the following in NOT true about listeriosis?

(a) Foodborne transmission is the most common source of infection.

(b) It is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis today.

(d) It is sometimes acquired as a zoonosis.

(e) Individuals with impaired immune systems are highly susceptible to this disease.

9. Viral meningitis is usually always fatal if untreated, unlike bacterial meningitis, which is always self-limiting and nonfatal. True or false?

10. Which of the following is acid-fast and causes Hansen's disease?

(a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

(b) Clostridium tetani

(d) Haemophilus influenzae

(e) Mycobacterium leprae

11. An immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) has replaced the older test for the presence of inclusions in neurons (Negri bodies) for the detection of infections caused by:

(a) Neisseria meningitidis

(b) Enteroviruses

(d) Rabies virus

(e) Haemophilus influenza

12. The viruses that cause encephalitis are most likely to be:

(a) Togaviruses

(b) Enteroviruses

(d) Rabies virus

(e) Hepatitis viruses

13. What do the following viral encephalitis diseases have in common: eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile fever?

(a) They are all caused by the same virus.

(b) They are have the horse as a common intermediate host.

(d) Birds are never involved in the life cycle of the viruses that cause these diseases.

(e) Both a and d.

14. The only bacterium known to damage peripheral nerves is:

(a) Naegleria fowleri

(b) Mycobacterium leprae

(d) Neisseria meningitidis

(e) Haemophilus influenzae

15. All of the following are true about Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus, EXCEPT:

(a) They are spore-forming rods.

(b) They are part of the normal bowel microflora of horses, cattle, and humans.

(d) Their toxin elicits muscle stiffness, spasms, and paralysis in the victim.

(e) They require oxygen to survive.

16. A vaccine that was developed in 1933 has proven effective in reducing the incidence of disease caused by:

(a) Clostridium botulinum

(b) Mycobacterium leprae

(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae

(e) Listeria monocytogenes

17. The most common form of disease caused by Clostridium botulinum is:

(a) Infant

(b) Wound

(d) Foodborne

(e) None of these

18. The endospores of this organism are the most heat-resistant known; it is:

(a) Clostridium tetani

(b) Clostridium botulinum

(d) Streptococcus thermicos

(e) Listeria monocytogenes

19. All of the following are true about Clostridium botulinum, the causative agent of botulism, EXCEPT:

(a) Their ability to form toxin depends on infection with a bacteriophage.

(b) They can produce one of eight different toxins, all of which cause human disease.

(d) Although their endospores are highly heat-resistant, their toxin can be inactivated by only a few minutes' boiling.

(e) All of the above are true.

20. All of the following are true about poliomyelitis EXCEPT:

(a) Most poliovirus infections are inapparent or mild and nonparalytic.

(b) Polio can be caused by three strains of picornaviruses.

(c) The Salk vaccine contains live, attenuated polioviruses while the Sabin vaccine contains formalin-inactivated polioviruses.

(d) Transmission is by the fecal-oral route and pharyngeal secretions.

(e) Poliomyelitis has afflicted man for thousands of years.

graydinosaur157

QuestionGroup: #51 Innate immune 1

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Homework

What is the name of a chemical substance responsible for stimulating an immune response?

Pathogen

Rotomers

Antigen

Antibody

Troll receptor

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QuestionGroup: #52 Innate immune2

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Homework

What is the purpose of secondary metabolites produced by normal flora in your body?

To aid T cells in fighting local infection

To kill infected B cells

To help balance electrolytes

To inhibit adhesion, and growth of the certain microbes

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QuestionGroup: #53 Innate immune3

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The lysozyme removes most bacteria in our foods through the saliva in our mouth, how does it do this?

The lysozyme attacks the bacteria through the blood.

The lysozyme are not strong enough to get rid of bacteria.

The lysozyme breaks down the polysaccharide walls of different bacteria.

The lysozyme will tell your body to get rid of the bacteria by vomiting.

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QuestionGroup: #54 Adapt immune 1

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In adaptive immunology, the key component is which of the following?

Antigen trigger the the production of vaccines.

Antibodies will trigger responses in the antigen which will cause an inflamation.

Antigens trigger responses of the antibodies which will recognize the antigen.

Antibodies will be able to recognize other antibodies and destroy them.

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QuestionGroup: #55 Adapt immune2

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An autoimmune induced disorder is...?

When the body's immune system attacks a tissue or organ in the body

When the immune system is not present

When the body attacks the antigens and antibodies of the immune system

When the autonomic nervous system attacks the antigen and antibodies of the immune system

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QuestionGroup: #56 Adapt immune3

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Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins and constitute part of the blood proteins. How do antibodies work?

Agglutination-- they just clump with each other (blocking antigen)

Precipitation-- force insolubility and settled out of solution along with antigens

Complement fixation-- proteins attach to antigen surface (causing cell lysis)

Neutralization-- bind to specific sites to prevent antigen attachment

All of the above

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QuestionGroup: #57 Infectious disease

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The most deadly STD is HIV, but many other viruses can be deadly. Name the most common sexually transmitted infection.

Genital human parisis virus (GHPV)

Herpes Simplex

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

Human pappathe virus tentis (HPVT)

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QuestionGroup: #58 Infectious disease2

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Microbes have developed an array of weapons to be able to go from host to host. These virulent factors are divided into several groups, but one important group is the one produced by bacteria. Name the subgroups within this bacterial group.

Retretoxin and maitotoxin

Retretoxin and butotoxin

Endotoxins and exotoxins

Lipotoxin and exotoxin

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QuestionGroup: #59 Infectious disease3

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Sexually transmitted diseases are very successful at spreading from one person to another. Name one important reason for this fact.

Mucous membranes use B cells only and are resistant to antigens

Mucous membranes in the sex organs differ from those of the skin in that they allow certain pathogens into the body

STDs are transmitted through sex only

STDs are usually caused by viruses

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QuestionGroup: #60 HIV/ AIDS

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HIV has which of the following characteristics?

It has an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which causes the DNA to reverse the nucleotide sequence in messenger RNA.

It is a retrovirus meaning that it reverses the order of protein production in that the virus affects the DNA in the cell to make the protein.

It is an anti-retrovirus meaning that it attacks the DNA causing the development of new HIV particles.

It has a short incubation period which means that the symptoms show up also immediately after infection.

1)Mechanims by which antibiotics kill or inhibit microbialgrowth are: a) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis b) Injury of cellmembrane c) Inhibition of protein synthesis d) Inhibition of DNA orRNA synthesis e) All of the above

2)The semisynthetic methicillin has the advantage of: a) Beingbroad spectrum b) Being inactivated by penicillanse only onprolonged usage c) Not being affected by penicillinase d) All ofthe above e) None of the above

3)Which of the following interfere with cell wall synthesis? a)Chloramphenicol b) Tetracyclines c) Penicillin d) Bacitracin e)Only C and D above

4)A rare but serious complication of chloramphenicol treatmentis: a) Kidney damage b) deafness due to damage of eight cranialnerve c) Anemia due to suppression of bone marrow cells d0 Anemiadue to destruction of circulationg red blood cells e) None of theabove

5)The development of drug resistance in a microorganism may bedue to: a) Abilty of the organism to destroy the abtibioticb)mutation that allows the organism to by-pass the sensitive stepc)Sporulation d)All of the above e) Only A and B above

6)The synthesis of vitamins B and K by enteric bacteria providesan example: a) Commensalism b) Symbiosis c) Opportunism d)Infection e) synegestic effect

7)The normal habotat of Staphylococcus aureus may be: a) Urinarytract b) stomach c) Healthy tissues d) nose, throat, and skin e)Scalp

8)Clostridium perfringens may be found as a part of the normalflora in: a) Mouth b) Intestines c) Lungs d) Urinary tract e)Wounds

9)A disease constantly present in a locality is said to be: a)Endemic b) Epidemic c) Pandemic d) Sporadic e) Reservoir

10)Foreign substances that induce a specific immune responseafter gaining entrance to the body are termed: a) Antigens b)Antibodies c) Cytolysins d) Complement e) None o the above

11)Essential prperties of an antigen are: a) It must be foreignto the host b) It must be degradable by the host c) It must be alarge molecule and possess at least two different determinantgroups d) It must posses a three-dimentional or tertiary structuree) All of the above

12)Based on antigenic differences inH chains, antibodies havebeen divided into the following classes: a) IgG and Iga b) IgM andIgD c0 Ige d) all of the above e)None of the above

13)quantitatively the largest class of immunoglobulins in humanserum is: a) IgG b) IgA c) IgM d) IgD e)IgE

14)Which of the following statements are applicable to IgMimmunoglobulins: a) They are the antibodies first to be detectedafter injection of an antigen b) In the presence of complement,they are highly lethal to gram-negative bacteria c) They play animportantnprotective role during the early stags of infection d)All of the above e) None of the above

15)Antibodies are chiefly produced by: a) Lymphocytes b)Eosinophilis c) Erythrocutes d) Polymorphonuclear neutrophils e)None of the above

16)Today antiserum is mainly used for: a) Temporary preventionof certain viral infections b) Neutralization of certain potentbacterial toxins c) Treatment of hepatitis patients d) Only A and Babove e) None of the above

17)antiserum may be described as: a) Blood serum that containsantibodies b) Blood serum that contains antigens c) Blood serumthat contain an antibiotic d) Bovine blood serum prior to injectionof an antigen e) None of the above

18)The sources of antiserum are: a) Chemical synthesis in thelaboratory b) Blood from animal that has developed antibodies to aspecific antigen c) Gamma globulin separatd from pooled human bloodd) All of the above e) Only B and C above

19)The major advantage of antiserum is: a) It is quickly andeasily produced b)It provides circulationg antibodies immediatelyc) It can be administered orally d) All of the above e) none of theabove

20) A viral vaccine for the common cold probably would not bebeneficial because: a) A pure culture cannot be frown in tissuecultures b) A multiplicity of viral agents is responsible for thecoomon cold c) Immunity is of brief duration d) All of the above e)None of the above

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BIOL 22100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Viremia, Bacteremia, Sepsis

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