CHEM B1110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Ice Pack, November 3, Joule

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9 Dec 2016

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Si unit- joules (j: energy required to move a small apple (about 100 g) straight up through 1 meter, often use kilojoule (kj) Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree celsius. Water heats up to 90 degrees celsius or 194 degrees fahrenheit. Water cools to 0 degrees celsius or 32 degrees fahrenheit. Energy flows from hot to cold (hot skin to cold pack) Determines the temperature change experienced by an object when it absorbs or releases energy. Amount of heat required to raise temperature by 1 degree. The larger the specific heat the greater the amount of heat needed to raise t q=mcx deltat q= heat m= mass. Water (l) specific heat is 4. 184 j/g degrees celsius. More energy required from the sun to warm the soil. Deltah is negative for exothermic reactions q-heat transferred (-) released by system (+) absorbed by system.

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Question 2 Energy Calculations

a) Calculate the heat energy (q) when 12.0 g of water is heated from 20oC to 100oC. The

specific heat for water is given in your textbook.

b) Is the process of heating water exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.

Question 3 Energy Calculations

You dissolve 0.1 mol of ammonium nitrate in 100 mL of H2O. The temperature of the solution

changes from 22oC to 15oC. The specific heat capacity for water is 4.184 J/g.K. Show all

calculations on a separate sheet of paper!

a) Is this reaction endothermic or exothermic?

b) Calculate the heat, q, released or absorbed in the dissolution reaction.

c) Calculate the enthalpy change, ?Hrxn (kJ/mol), for dissolving 1 mol of ammonium nitrate.

Question 4. A gas expands from 264 mL to 971 mL at constant temperature. Calculate

the amount of work done in Joules by the gas when it expands against a constant pressure of 955

torr.

Question 5 Energy Calculations

a) The nutritional calorie (Calorie) is equivalent to 1 kcal. One pound (1.0 lb) of body fat is

equivalent to 4.1 x 103 kcal. Express this quantity in joules and kilojoules. Use

scientific notation for your answer!

b) If an athlete expends 1850 kJ/h (kilojoules per hour), how long does he have to exercise

to work off 1.0 lb of body fat?

c) The average amount of calories burned during running is 125 kcal/mile. How many

miles does this athlete have to run to burn off 1.0 lb of body fat?

Question 6

Calculate ?Ho for the following reactions at 298 K. Give the balanced thermochemical

equations and show the correct physical state in each equation. Calculate the enthalpy change

for each reaction. You will find thermochemical data in the back of your textbook in Appendix 3

(p. A-8 to A-12)

a) The formation of 1 mol of HCl (gas) from its elements

b) The formation of 1 mol of sodium chloride from its elements

c) The combustion of 1 mol glucose to water and carbon dioxide

d) HCl(g) + NH3(g) ? NH4Cl(g)

Question 7

Calculate heat of formation of SO2 under nonstandard state conditions, given the following

equations

SO2(g) +

Practice problems for exam 2 ______________

Useful Information:

h=6.626Ã10-34JÂ·s.; c=3.0Ã108 m/sec; E=hï® ; E= hc , ï¬ = h/mv; 1J = 1 kg-m2/s2 ï¬

mass of electron = 9.11 Ã 10-28 g, ïE= q + w ; 1 cal = 4.184 Joules Please Show all Work

1. Which of the following substances have standard heats of formation that are equal to zero by definition (circle your answers): H2(g), H(g), O3(g), H2O(s), H2O(l), Hg(l), Hg(s), Hg(g).

2. Limestone stalactites are formed in the reaction: Ca2+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) ï CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) +

H2O(l)
If one mole of CaCO3 is produced at 298 K under one atmosphere of pressure, the reaction performs 590 calories of expansion work, pushing back the atmosphere as CO2 is formed. At the same time, 9310 calories of heat are absorbed from the environment. What is ïE in Kcal/mole for CaCO3.

3. What is the minimum wavelength of light in AÌ (1 AÌ = 10-8 cm) needed to provide enough energy per quantum to rupture the chemical bond in hydrogen iodide (HI). The bond dissociation energy of HI is 71.4 Kcal/mole.

4. Sketch the shape and orientation of the following types of orbitals: s, px, dxy, dz2, dx2-y2

5. Give the values of (n) , (l) and (ml) for each orbital in the 4p subshell.

6. Write the complete electron configuration for the following: Ti 2+_____________________________________ Cr_______________________________________

N______________________________________

7. Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation ( ï Ho) for diamond from graphite [i.e. C (graphite) ï C (diamond)] given that:

C (graphite) + O2 ï CO2 (g) ( ï Ho = -393.5 KJ/mole) C (diamond)] + O2 ï CO2 (g) ( ï Ho = -395.4 KJ/mole)

If 1.0g of graphite is converted to diamond, what is the energy change? Is this an endothermic or exothermic reaction?

8. An 160 pound astronaut on his way to Mars is buzzing along at 10,000 miles per hour. (a) Express his weight in grams (one pound = 454 grams) so that you can calculate the astronautâs wavelength (1mile/hour = 44.7 cm/sec)

(b) Suppose the astronaut detects outside his spacecraft a proton (m=1.7 x 10-24 g) from a âsolar windâ moving at exactly the spacecraft velocity. What is the proton wavelength is in AÌ (1 AÌ = 10-8 cm.

9. What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy each of the following subshells? a) 3d_________________ b) 1s____________________ c) 2p ____________________

10. Identify the element represented by the following electronic configuration.

a) [Ne] 3s2____________________

b) What is the electron configuration for the first excited state of this atom.______________

11. Determine the number of valence electrons for each element.
(a) Br___________ (b) Na _________ (c) Sn __________

12. 175 g of Fe at 15.0oC is mixed with 225 g of H2O at 95.0oC. What is the final temperature of the mixture? The specific heats of iron= 0.448 J/g oC and water = 4.184 J/g oC). (keep in mind the following: heat gained + heat lost = 0 and q=mass x heat capacity x ïT)

13. (5 pts) Calculate values of ÎHrxn for the following reactions: CS2(g) + 3O2(g) ï® CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)

The heat of formation for the following substances is given in kJ/mol:

CS2 CO2 SO2 117.4 -393.51 -296.83

14. (6 pts) Use the electron configuration of Li and Be and determine which element has the greatest second ionization energy. Defend your answer.

15. Mark beside each of the following processes either âexoâ or âendoâ according to whether you think the process will release heat or absorb heat.

a. Ca(g) ï Ca(g)+2 + 2e-
b. I(g)+1e-ï I(g)-1
c. Ca(g)+2 + S(g)-2 ï CaS(s) d. I2(g)ï 2I(g)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

16. (6 pts) In each of the following pairs, which of the two species is larger?
a) O-2 or Na+ b) Ti+4 or Ti+2 c) B or C d) N or N-3

17. Write down the Lewis dot structure for the following (a) N_______________ (b) Ne________________

18. THE BORN HABER CYCLE: I may have a problem on the Born Haber cycle. Please check my lecture notes to see how to set up the process and then calculate the lattice energy from the various thermodynamic quantities such as in the NaCl example below;

ï H ï¯ f NaCl = -411KJ

Na(s) ï® Na(g) ï H =108KJ
1â2 Cl2 ï® Cl(g) ï H = 122KJ Ionization Energy of Na ï H = 496 KJ Electron affinity of Cl ï H = -349KJ

CHEM B1110 Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Ice Pack, November 3, Joule

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