01:119:116 Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Immunoglobulin Light Chain, Thymus, Immunoglobulin G

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23 Apr 2016

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Timing takes several days to mobilise adaptive immunity (specific defenses) while innate defenses destroy pathogens and prevent spread. The key players in adaptive immune response. T cells: made in bone marrow mature in thymus above the heart. B cells: made in bone marrow mature in bone marrow. Antigen (ag) = foreign substance that elicits a b or t cell response. Most are proteins or large polysaccharides on surfaces of pathogen or blood cells or tissue cells from other individuals. Epitope = specific region exposed on surface of ag molecule. Binds to ag receptor on immune cells. B and t cells are specific for a specific epitope. Antigen recognition by b cells and antibodies. Y-shaped receptors consisting of 4 polypeptide chains. 2 identical heavy chains + 2 identical light chains. Transmembrane region near one end of each heavy chain = anchors receptor in b cells plasma membrane. Type of ag: intact ag on pathogen or circulating free in body fluid.

Related Questions

Which of the following statements about induction or maintenance of T cell tolerance is NOT true?

	a.	Peripheral T cell tolerance to an antigen may be induced by persistent and repeated stimulation of lymphocytes by that antigen in tissues.
	b.	Peripheral T cell tolerance results when T cells recognize antigen in the setting of an innate immune response to the antigen.
	c.	Peripheral T cell tolerance to some antigens is induced when mature T cells recognize antigen and bind B7-1 or B7-2 via the inhibitory CTLA-4 receptor.
	d.	Peripheral T cell tolerance results when mature naive T cells recognize antigens without adequate B7-1â or B7-2âmediated costimulation.
	e.	Central tolerance is induced when immature developing T cells in bone marrow or thymus encounter self-antigens.

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a tool that has been very useful in identifying what parts of the brain do what. Scientists can have a person perform some particular activity and then look for active areas in the brain. How does fMRI work?

	A.	It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to electricity levels. The more electrical current in the area, the more active it is.
	B.	It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to blood flow. More blood flow indicates more activity in that area.
	C.	It takes images of thin layers of the brain and the more electrical activity in a layer, the more magnetic it is and this shows up in fMRI.
	D.	Electrodes attached to the skull can trigger activity in particular brain areas which then trigger a person to perform certain behaviors.
	E.	It takes a picture of the brain according to oxygen levels. More oxygen in an area indicates more activity in that area.

The strategy of vaccination to fight diseases uses what type of immunity?

	A.	Non-specific immunity
	B.	Cell-mediated immunity
	C.	Natural immunity
	D.	Specific immunity
	E.	Passive immunity

If you came into contact with Vibrio, what defense do you have to keep it from even getting to your intestines?

	A.	Your skin is an effective barrier against bacteria you come in contact with.
	B.	Antimicrobial enzymes in saliva
	C.	Acid in the stomach
	D.	Mucous membranes in the digestive and respiratory tract
	E.	All of the above

What do B cells do when they identify a pathogen?

	A.	Engulf and eat it
	B.	Kill it
	C.	Produce antigens to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
	D.	Produce antibodies to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
	E.	Engage helper T cells to fight the infection

There are chemical signals that call on non-infected cells to help fight a virus. Which are they?

	A.	Complement proteins
	B.	Macrophages
	C.	B cells
	D.	Interferons
	E.	Natural killer cells

When someone gets a bone marrow transplant, they have to be quarantined and carefully protected from pathogens for a period of time afterward. Why?

	A.	Bone marrow produces the main cells involved in the specific immune response, so these patients are at special risk of infection until they build up enough marrow to produce sufficient cells.
	B.	Bone marrow produces blood cells, so they have insufficient circulation for a period of time so their immune system lacks the energy to fight off any infection.
	C.	Anytime a foreign substance, even someone else's bone marrow, is introduced to a body, there is an extra risk of infection.
	D.	A common complication of bone marrow transplants is infection, and doctor's don't want the infection to spread to others.
	E.	It's a traumatic procedure, and any extra stress on their body could kill them.

Host Defenses Activity

Our ability to fight off infection is three fold. Below is a list of terms that deal with our defenses. Match the definition with the terms on this sheet and then fill in the attached diagram with the terms below.

Host Defenses

1st Line of defense ___G_
2nd line of defense ____
3rd line of defense ____
Innate, nonspecific immunity____
Acquired, specific immunity____
T lymphocytes____
Complement____
Physical barriers____
Phagocytosis____
Chemical barriers____
Inflammatory response____
Fever____
B lymphocytes _____

Matching Definitions

A. immunity present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection
B. Adaptive immunities: Immunity that develops after the interaction of antigens with the immune system
C. Many different types, involved in cell-to-cell contact or CMI
D. barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry
E. Protective cells and fluids; inflammation and phagocytosis
F .Acquired with exposure to foreign substance; produces protective antibodies and creates memory cells
G. Skin and mucus membranes
H. Bile, stomach acid, skin pH, lysozyme
I. Surveys tissue and discover microbes and dead or injured cells and removes them
J. 26 blood proteins that work to destroy bacteria and viruses
K. Rubor, tumor, calor, dolor
L. Initiated by circulating pyrogens which reset the hypothalamus to inhibit the growth of microbes
M. Responsible for AMI and production of antibodies

01:119:116 Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Immunoglobulin Light Chain, Thymus, Immunoglobulin G

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