01:146:295 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Basal Ganglia, Prefrontal Cortex, Explicit Memory

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violetseal1

17 Jun 2020

School

Rutgers University

Department

Cell Biology and Neuroscience

Course

01:146:295

Professor

J.Schjott

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Document Summary

Memory can be divided into two main categories. Declarative memory (sometimes called explicit memory) and nondeclarative memory (sometimes called implicit or procedural memory). Many of the things you study in college will be declarative memory. It also includes events, example the memory of going to a wedding, remembering who you saw there and who danced with etc. A good way to test if memory is declarative is to see if you can express it with language, i. e. if you can talk about it. Declarative memory is located in the medial temporal lobe and the diencephalon (we will refer to these locations as the hippocampus). Declarative memory depends on the activity of the hippocampus. In alzheimer"s this is one of the first area damaged by the disease. Therefore, these are the first types of memories that are destroyed. These types of memories from relatively easy and are forgotten just as easily.

Related Questions

Who is given credit for first deducing that the cerebrum receives sensations and the cerebellum helps control movement?

(a)Hippocrates (b) Aristotle (c) Galen (d)Descartes (e) Henry Gustave Molaison

Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the fluid-mechanical theory of brain function?

(a)The brain contains hollow, fluid-filled spaces called ventricles. (b)Nerves are hollow. (c) The body functions according to a balance of four vital fluids (humors). (d)Humors were moved to and from the brain by nerves. (e) The heart acts as a valve controlling the movement of animal spirits to and from the brain.

Which of the following statements is TRUE according to our current understanding of brain function?

(a)The brain contains hollow, fluid-filled spaces called ventricles. (b) Nerves are hollow. (c) The body functions according to a balance of four vital fluids (humors). (d) Humors were moved to and from the brain by nerves. (e)The heart acts as a valve controlling the movement of animal spirits to and from the brain.

Which of the following statements was not believed by Rene Descartes?

(a)The brain functions in accordance with the fluid-mechanical theory. (b)Animal spirits going through nerves inflate muscles. (c) The brain controls human behavior that is like that of other animals. (d) Uniquely human mental capacities also arise from the brain. (e) All of the above statements were believed by Descartes

Dissections of cadavers in the 17^th and 18^th centuries were important to furthering our understanding of nervous system structure and function. Of the statements below, all of which were contributions made by these dissections, which one came from a deduction rather than a direct observation?

(a) The brain has gray and white matter. (b) White matter brings information to and from gray matter. (c) There is a peripheral and a central nervous system. (d) The central division of the nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. (e) The brain has gyri and sulci.

H.M.âs epileptic seizures were thought to arise as a result of a

(a)congenital defect. (b)hard hit to his head sustained during childhood. (c)neurodegenerative disease. (d)viral infection. (e)genetic susceptibility.

After undergoing an experimental surgery to control his epilepsy, H.M.

(a)Experienced more frequent and severe seizures. (b)Had no semantic knowledge of events occurring before the surgery. (c) Was not able to learn and remember new facts.(d)Had no procedural memory of tasks learned before the surgery. (e)Was not able to form new procedural memories

H.M.âs surgical outcome was extraordinarily influential in changing the prevalent idea of brain functioning from that of mass action to that of specific brain regions carrying out specific functions. It provided the first evidence that which region of the brain is needed to form new declarative memories?

((a)The cerebrum (b)The cerebellum (c) The hypothalamus (d)The hippocampus. (e)The frontal lobe

You are meeting a new patient in your clinical practice. The man starts to speak and this is what comes out of his mouth in a steady stream âDog blue sky carry coffee wheel table raw simple sign cigarette book test car view draw mean witch two famous shoe cookie cat road mouse baby trousers.â As a result of this, you immediately suspect damage to which part of his brain?

(a) The hippocampus. (b) The amygdala (c) The auditory cortex. (d)Brocaâs area. (e)Wernickeâs area.

Karl Lashley assessed the ability of rodents to learn and remember a maze after regions of their brain had been removed. His results indicated to him that the brain functions by mass action. How do we explain this incorrect conclusion today?

(a) His experiments were flawed by not having the correct controls.

(b)He removed too much brain tissue at a time.

(d)Rodents have many ways to learn a maze.

(e)All of the above

Meadow voles differ from prairie voles in that they:

	a.	are not monogamous.
	b.	show preference for a single partner if the AVPR1A gene is blocked.
	c.	release vasopressin but not oxytocin.
	d.	release oxytocin but not vasopressin.

5 points

Question 2

Painful events are detected by:

	a.	Free nerve endings.
	b.	Merkel's disks.
	c.	Meissner's corpuscles.
	d.	Pacinian corpuscles.

5 points

Question 3

It has been found that:

	a.	Language memory is stored near Broca's area.
	b.	Identifying pictures of hand tools uses memories stored in the left temporal lobe and hand motor areas.
	c.	Identifying the color of an object requires memories stored in the temporal lobe.
	d.	All of the above.

5 points

Question 4

Sex is considered to be a form of ___ behavior.

	a.	chaotic
	b.	motivated
	c.	learned
	d.	innate

5 points

Question 5

A difference between Einstein's brain and the average brain is that:

	a.	It was larger in size.
	b.	It was lighter in weight.
	c.	There were more neurons.
	d.	There was no difference.

5 points

Question 6

The individual in the opening chapter vignette lost virtually all motor control because the control of our muscles and, hence, our limbs and bodies is heavily influenced by and has to be integrated with our ___.

	a.	proprioception sense
	b.	vestibular sense
	c.	skin senses
	d.	visceral sense

5 points

Question 7

Which cortical area is most important for maintaining information in working memory when a distracting stimulus is introduced?

	a.	Temporal lobe.
	b.	Parietal lobe.
	c.	Prefrontal cortex.
	d.	All of the above.

5 points

Question 8

The anxiolytics that have the highest abuse and addiction potentials are:

	a.	Barbiturates.
	b.	SNRIs.
	c.	Benzodiazepines.
	d.	Tricyclics.

5 points

Question 9

If your grandfather suffered a stroke in his left prefrontal cortex, in what ability would he likely be most impaired?

	a.	Working out a complicated math problem in his head.
	b.	Wondering what the capital city of Nevada is.
	c.	Playing the piano.
	d.	Quickly telling you the value of 3x3.

5 points

Question 10

Major depression:

	a.	Can usually be explained by exposure to prolonged stress.
	b.	Always consists of decreased physical activity.
	c.	Generally appears after midlife.
	d.	None of the above.

5 points

Question 11

According to your text, one of the reasons that some psychologists question the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder is that:

	a.	Symptoms seem to come and go.
	b.	The symptoms are not consistent across diagnosing psychologists.
	c.	The number of diagnosed cases increased from 500 to 5000 over a period of six years.
	d.	They believe it is a popular diagnosis due to movies such as The Three Faces of Eve.

5 points

Question 12

When the differences in body size are accounted for, the average male's brain is ___ than the average female's brain.

	a.	heavier
	b.	lighter
	c.	the same size
	d.	the same ratio

5 points

Question 13

All of the following make it difficult to determine if there are gender-related differences in behavior and cognition except:

	a.	The results show evidence for strong differences, but people do not want to accept them.
	b.	Different researchers tend measure the same characteristic in different ways.
	c.	The differences that exist are relatively small.
	d.	People tend to talk to children dressed as boys or girls in different, subtle ways.

5 points

Question 14

The leading environmental cause of intellectual disability is:

	a.	Maternal alcoholism.
	b.	Rubella.
	c.	Prenatal exposure to virus.
	d.	Early infancy exposure to viruses.

5 points

Question 15

Antipsychotic medicines have come to be known as ___, which means ___.

	a.	psycholeptics; to have antipsychotic effects
	b.	neuroleptics; to have anti-neurosis effects
	c.	neuroleptics; to seize control of a neuron
	d.	psycholeptics; to seize control of a psychosis

5 points

Question 16

Using classical conditioning to pair a loud boat horn with presenting a blue slide, researchers found that with:

	a.	Hippocampus damage, conditioning occurred even though the subjects could not describe what was learned.
	b.	Amygdala damage, conditioning occurred even though the subjects could not describe what was learned.
	c.	Hippocampus damage, no conditioning occurred but subjects could describe the procedure.
	d.	None of the above.

5 points

Question 17

In the most famous case of Ablatio penis, where a young boy with XY chromosomes had his penis destroyed during a circumcision,

	a.	the child (Bruce) was born as a hermaphrodite and the decision was made to rear him as a girl (Brenda).
	b.	Money counseled the parents that by rearing the child (Bruce) as a girl, âsheâ (Brenda) would accept a female gender identity.
	c.	the child lost both testicles, which was the source for all of the male-specific hormones in âherâ body.
	d.	Money showed that the âneutral-at-birthâ position was in fact correct.

5 points

Question 18

The method of introspection is seldom used in today's research because:

	a.	Machines were developed that were more accurate.
	b.	It was found to be too subjective.
	c.	It required too much training to produce accurate results.
	d.	All of the above.

5 points

Question 19

Both Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease produce damage to:

	a.	Declarative memory.
	b.	Nondeclarative memory.
	c.	Memory of Lincolnâs birthplace.
	d.	Memory of what you had for breakfast.

5 points

Question 20

Lucid dreamers:

	a.	Show characteristics of being both awake and asleep.
	b.	Can control the content of their dreams.
	c.	Know that they are dreaming.
	d.	All of the above.

Meadow voles differ from prairie voles in that they:

01:146:295 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Basal Ganglia, Prefrontal Cortex, Explicit Memory

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