01:146:295 Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Eric Kandel, Aplysia, Motor Neuron

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violetseal1

17 Jun 2020

School

Rutgers University

Department

Cell Biology and Neuroscience

Course

01:146:295

Professor

J.Schjott

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Document Summary

How information is being stored at a cellular level is not definitely known and is still being investigated. One theory is that memories are stored in synaptic connections specifically in the strength of the synaptic connections between nerve cells. These connections can become stronger or weaker and this is how memories are stored in the brain. He is an austrian whose work was influenced by freud. He wanted to see how childhood memories are stored in the brain. He realized that even though he was really interested in studying the brain, it was too complex to set up and start that kind of research project. He decided to start a much simpler study observing the sea slug known as aplysia. The advantages of studying aplysia is that it had a relatively small number of neurons ~ 20,000 and the neurons it possesses were physically big in size, easy to see and recognized.

Related Questions

Meadow voles differ from prairie voles in that they:

	a.	are not monogamous.
	b.	show preference for a single partner if the AVPR1A gene is blocked.
	c.	release vasopressin but not oxytocin.
	d.	release oxytocin but not vasopressin.

5 points

Question 2

Painful events are detected by:

	a.	Free nerve endings.
	b.	Merkel's disks.
	c.	Meissner's corpuscles.
	d.	Pacinian corpuscles.

5 points

Question 3

It has been found that:

	a.	Language memory is stored near Broca's area.
	b.	Identifying pictures of hand tools uses memories stored in the left temporal lobe and hand motor areas.
	c.	Identifying the color of an object requires memories stored in the temporal lobe.
	d.	All of the above.

5 points

Question 4

Sex is considered to be a form of ___ behavior.

	a.	chaotic
	b.	motivated
	c.	learned
	d.	innate

5 points

Question 5

A difference between Einstein's brain and the average brain is that:

	a.	It was larger in size.
	b.	It was lighter in weight.
	c.	There were more neurons.
	d.	There was no difference.

5 points

Question 6

The individual in the opening chapter vignette lost virtually all motor control because the control of our muscles and, hence, our limbs and bodies is heavily influenced by and has to be integrated with our ___.

	a.	proprioception sense
	b.	vestibular sense
	c.	skin senses
	d.	visceral sense

5 points

Question 7

Which cortical area is most important for maintaining information in working memory when a distracting stimulus is introduced?

	a.	Temporal lobe.
	b.	Parietal lobe.
	c.	Prefrontal cortex.
	d.	All of the above.

5 points

Question 8

The anxiolytics that have the highest abuse and addiction potentials are:

	a.	Barbiturates.
	b.	SNRIs.
	c.	Benzodiazepines.
	d.	Tricyclics.

5 points

Question 9

If your grandfather suffered a stroke in his left prefrontal cortex, in what ability would he likely be most impaired?

	a.	Working out a complicated math problem in his head.
	b.	Wondering what the capital city of Nevada is.
	c.	Playing the piano.
	d.	Quickly telling you the value of 3x3.

5 points

Question 10

Major depression:

	a.	Can usually be explained by exposure to prolonged stress.
	b.	Always consists of decreased physical activity.
	c.	Generally appears after midlife.
	d.	None of the above.

5 points

Question 11

According to your text, one of the reasons that some psychologists question the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder is that:

	a.	Symptoms seem to come and go.
	b.	The symptoms are not consistent across diagnosing psychologists.
	c.	The number of diagnosed cases increased from 500 to 5000 over a period of six years.
	d.	They believe it is a popular diagnosis due to movies such as The Three Faces of Eve.

5 points

Question 12

When the differences in body size are accounted for, the average male's brain is ___ than the average female's brain.

	a.	heavier
	b.	lighter
	c.	the same size
	d.	the same ratio

5 points

Question 13

All of the following make it difficult to determine if there are gender-related differences in behavior and cognition except:

	a.	The results show evidence for strong differences, but people do not want to accept them.
	b.	Different researchers tend measure the same characteristic in different ways.
	c.	The differences that exist are relatively small.
	d.	People tend to talk to children dressed as boys or girls in different, subtle ways.

5 points

Question 14

The leading environmental cause of intellectual disability is:

	a.	Maternal alcoholism.
	b.	Rubella.
	c.	Prenatal exposure to virus.
	d.	Early infancy exposure to viruses.

5 points

Question 15

Antipsychotic medicines have come to be known as ___, which means ___.

	a.	psycholeptics; to have antipsychotic effects
	b.	neuroleptics; to have anti-neurosis effects
	c.	neuroleptics; to seize control of a neuron
	d.	psycholeptics; to seize control of a psychosis

5 points

Question 16

Using classical conditioning to pair a loud boat horn with presenting a blue slide, researchers found that with:

	a.	Hippocampus damage, conditioning occurred even though the subjects could not describe what was learned.
	b.	Amygdala damage, conditioning occurred even though the subjects could not describe what was learned.
	c.	Hippocampus damage, no conditioning occurred but subjects could describe the procedure.
	d.	None of the above.

5 points

Question 17

In the most famous case of Ablatio penis, where a young boy with XY chromosomes had his penis destroyed during a circumcision,

	a.	the child (Bruce) was born as a hermaphrodite and the decision was made to rear him as a girl (Brenda).
	b.	Money counseled the parents that by rearing the child (Bruce) as a girl, âsheâ (Brenda) would accept a female gender identity.
	c.	the child lost both testicles, which was the source for all of the male-specific hormones in âherâ body.
	d.	Money showed that the âneutral-at-birthâ position was in fact correct.

5 points

Question 18

The method of introspection is seldom used in today's research because:

	a.	Machines were developed that were more accurate.
	b.	It was found to be too subjective.
	c.	It required too much training to produce accurate results.
	d.	All of the above.

5 points

Question 19

Both Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease produce damage to:

	a.	Declarative memory.
	b.	Nondeclarative memory.
	c.	Memory of Lincolnâs birthplace.
	d.	Memory of what you had for breakfast.

5 points

Question 20

Lucid dreamers:

	a.	Show characteristics of being both awake and asleep.
	b.	Can control the content of their dreams.
	c.	Know that they are dreaming.
	d.	All of the above.

Meadow voles differ from prairie voles in that they:

01:146:295 Lecture Notes - Lecture 26: Eric Kandel, Aplysia, Motor Neuron

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