01:510:261 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: John Wesley Powell, Thorstein Veblen, Second Industrial Revolution
13 May 2018
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Chapter 16 - America's Gilded Age, 1870–1890
1. Second industrial revolution
1. Astounding pace and magnitude
2. Emergence of factory as foremost realm of industrial production
3. Emergence of wage labor as prevalent source of livelihood
4. Emergence of city as chief setting for manufacture
1. Leading industrial cities
1. New York
2. Chicago
3. Pittsburgh
2. Single-industry cities
5. Expansion of national market
1. Eastern markets for western goods (agricultural, extractive)
2. Western markets for eastern goods (manufactured)
3. Central role of railroad
4. National brands, chains, mail order firms
6. Technological innovations
1. Leading breakthroughs
2. Thomas A. Edison's research laboratories
7. Competition and consolidation
1. Volatility of marketplace
2. Downward pressure on prices; Great Depression of 1873–
1897
3. Ruthless competition among businesses
4. Corporate initiatives to stabilize marketplace
1. Pools
2. Trusts
3. Mergers
8. Industrial giants
1. Vast accumulations of wealth and power
2. Leading business figures
1. Thomas A. Scott (railroad)
1. Size and scope of Pennsylvania Railroad
2. Prototype of modern business organization
2. Andrew Carnegie (steel)
1. Personal rise
2. Vertical integration
3. Blend of philanthropy and dictatorial
management
3. John D. Rockefeller (oil)
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1. Cutthroat competition
2. Horizontal integration
3. Blend of philanthropy and dictatorial
management
3. Popular perceptions of
1. Favorable; "captains of industry"
2. Unfavorable; "robber barons"
9. Workers' conditions in industrial America
1. Advantages for skilled labor elite
1. High wages
2. Areas of control
1. Process of production
2. Pace of production
3. Training of apprentices
2. Hardships for growing ranks of semi-skilled workers
1. Economic insecurity
1. Unreliability of employment and wage rates
2. Lack of pensions
3. Lack of compensation for injury or
unemployment
2. Working conditions
1. Length of workday
2. Dangers of workplace
3. Odds against collective action
3. Breadth and depth of poverty
10. Growing signs of class division
1. New urban middle-class neighborhoods
2. Exclusive world of the rich
1. Home and neighborhood
2. Resorts, social clubs, schools
3. "Conspicuous consumption" (Thorstein Veblen)
4. 1897 Waldorf-Astoria costume ball
3. Contrasts of wealth and poverty
1. Matthew Smith's Sunshine and Shadow
2. Jacob Riis's How the Other Half Lives
2. Transformation of the West
1. Overall themes
1. Variety of regions within West
2. Variant on global patterns of political and economic
incorporation
1. Displacement of indigenous peoples
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2. Promotion of business development
3. Promotion of population settlement
4. Vital role of government
2. Farming empire
1. Spread of land under cultivation
2. Pace and diversity of settlement
3. Wheat and corn production on Middle Border
4. Hardships of Great Plains farming
1. Hazards of nature
2. Hard labor and solitude (especially for women)
5. Call for large-scale irrigation
1. John Wesley Powell
2. Implications for small-scale farmers
6. Increasing market orientation of small farmers
1. Forms
1. Sale of crops
2. Purchase of manufactured goods
2. Impacts
1. Dependence on loans
2. Vulnerability to shifts in world markets
7. Budding trend toward large-scale farming
1. Features
2. California precedent
3. Cowboys
1. Diversity
2. Myth vs. reality
3. Rise and decline of cattle drives
4. Corporate West
1. Prominent manufacturing and trading centers
1. San Francisco
2. Los Angeles
2. Large corporate enterprises
1. Lumber
2. Mining
3. Railroad
3. Displacement of independent prospectors, farmers
5. Subjugation of Indians
1. Earlier transformations of Plains Indians
1. Eighteenth-century shift to hunting and farming
2. Arrival and coalescence of rival tribes
2. U.S.-Indian conflict on the Plains
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