THEA 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Laparotomy, Stroke Volume, Spermatid
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Physiology 320 Reproduction Notes
FEMALE AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY
Female Anatomy and Function
The Uterus: pear shaped structure
▪ Fundus, Body, Isthmus, Cervix
▪ Myometrium (smooth muscle layer)
▪ Endometrium: mucous membrane layer and has two arties
o Stratum functionalis: spiral arteries shed during menstruation
(superficial)
o Stratum basale: deep, does not shed, has short straight basilar
arteries
The Fallopian Tube
▪ Muscular, tubular, secretory, ciliated
▪ Intramural region: found in uterus wall and has a uterotubal
junction (isthmus and intramural segment)
▪ Isthmus: from ismthic junction to uterotubal junction (2-3 cm)
▪ Has thick circular muscle, thin longitudinal muscle, narrow
lumen, secretory epithelium, little cilia, may retain egg into
uterus
▪ Ampulla: longest region, large lumen, mucosal folds, at junction
with isthmus
▪ Infundibulum: trumpet shaped, thin, open into peritoneal cavity
(called ostium, surrounded by fimbria which has cilia and is
partially attached to ovary)
The cervix
▪ Influenced by E2, cervical mucous is thin and watery, has filaments
which allows for sperm to enter and move.
▪ In luteal phase—this mucous is viscous and rubbery and has no
micelle structure so sperm cant penetrate
▪ The vagina and cervical wall help sperm to become transported
It is the: Bed and breakfast for sperm—can hang out there for 7 days
The vagina
▪ Outer muscular coat (smooth muscle, elastic)
o Includes the tunica muscularies
o Includes bulbocavernosus muscle
▪ Mucous membrane: tunica mucosa—lubricated by glands in cervix
▪ Doderlein’s bacilli: make lactic acid, allowing for an acidic vagina
External Genitalia
▪ Mons pubis: in front of pubic symphysis, fatty tissue, has hair
▪ Labia majora: 2 longitudinal folds that form a pudendal cleft in
which vagina and urethra open (the cleft on top of lips)
o Homologous to the scrotum
o Outer surface: pigmented, strong crisp hair
o Inner: smooth, sebaceous glands
o Anterior labial commissure: where the labia majora meets
vertically (on top of pudendal cleft)
o Posterior labial commissure: where the labia minora meets posteriorly (very bottom of vagina area)
▪ Labia minora: two small folds in the labia major, has sebaceous glands
o Hymen (Frenulum): thin fold of mucous membrane—in virgins present
▪ Carunculae hymenals: when hymen has been ruptured
▪ Clitoris: erectile structure that is homologous to the penis, small/rounded
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o Has 2 corpora cavernosa (erectile tissue and covered by fibrous membrane)
o Has suspensory ligament and 2 ishocavernosis muscles
▪ The Vestibule:
o Bulbus vestibuli: has urethral and vaginal orifices and openings to ducts of greater vestibular gland
▪ Greater vestibular glands: homologous to bulbo-urethral (M) 2 round bodies vaginal orifice.
▪ Bulb of vestibule: homologous to corpus spongiosium of penis, erectile, side of vagina orifice
Male Anatomy and Embryology
▪ Seminal vesicles: secretes sticky yellow fluid (semen) which
go to ejaculatory duct.
o Semen: hormonal control, (60% ejaculate)
▪ fructose
▪ prostaglandins
▪ fibrinogen (forms coagulum),
▪ globulin.
▪ Prostate gland: secretes into urethra, has enzymes, milky
secretion, alkaline (to neutralize acidic vagina)
o Contains:
▪ Citric acid, acid phosphatase, Ca, Zn, Mg.
▪ Clotting enzyme—makes coagulum
o Fibrinogen (from seminal vesicles) + profibrinogen (CE
makes fibrinolysin) coagulum made.
o Semen secretion under testicular control (20% of ejaculate)
▪ Bulbourethral Glands/Cowper’s: pre-ejaculatory emission, protects from bad prostate/seminal vesicles
▪ Epididymis, maturation of sperm occurs here
External Genitalia
▪ Scrotum: pouch of skin that has testes, maintains testicular
temperature below core body
o Includes spermatic cord: has arteries, veins, lymphatics,
nerves, ductus deferens.
▪ Penis: elongated organ, erectile, has 2 corpora cavernosa penis and 1
corpora cavernosa urethra.
The Testicle and Ovary
Ovary
▪ Secretes estrogens and progesterone
▪ Initially an ovum egg (when it grows)
▪ Parts of the ovary:
o Outer cortex: follicles embedded—most are primordial which grow and mature
o Central medulla: ovarian stroma Inner medulla: vascular
o Inner helium: around attachment of the ovary to the mesovarian (this attaches the ovary to the broad
ligament and allows for lymphatics, nerves, blood vessels to pass through)
▪ Outer surface: covered germinal epithelium which breaks at ovulation
o Has germ cells (has follicles at
different stages)
▪ The ovarian stroma: contains contractile
cells, CT cells, interstitial cells
o Interstitial cells: consist of
primary, secondary which become
theca and the hilum.
The Testes
▪ Making and transport of sperm (germ
cells and Sertoli)
▪ Making of androgens (come from
Leydig/interstitial enzymes)
▪ Tunica vaginalis: allows for testes
movement in scrotum—outer layer
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▪ Tunica albuginea: thick fibrous capsule
▪ Mediastinum testes: tunica albuginea forms this—consists of vessels and nerves
▪ Septa: arises from inner tunica albuginea—divides testes into lobes—spaces in between the lobule
o Lobes: have the seminiferous tubules tubuli recti rete testes efferent ductules head of
epididymis
▪ Testes are supplied by the testicular artery on testes.
▪ Venous blood drains into pampiniform plexus spermatic cord testicular vein leaves
Leydig Cells and Sertoli Cells
Leydig Cells
▪ Surround seminiferous tubules
▪ Secrete androgens—because precursor to
testosterone
▪ Stimulated by LH
▪ Stores testosterone
Germ Cells
▪ Germ cells are at different stages of development. Spermatogonium spermatocytes spermatids
spermatozoa
▪ Only spermatogonium and Sertoli are in the basal lamina
Sertoli Cells
▪ Secrete androgen binding protein—which allows for spermatozoa to grow- it binds to testosterone
▪ The apex has spermatids and spermatozoa which stay there until mature to go to the lumen
▪ Forms blood-testis barrier
o Tight junctions found between Sertoli cells near basal lamina.
o Forms barrier that prevents proteins from passing in and serves as protection
o Steroids, maturing germ cells, pass this area with ease
STERIODOGENENESIS AND SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION
The Steroidogenesis Pathway
▪ P450 rate limiting: converts cholesterol pregneolone; (mediated by LH)
▪ 5 alpha reductase: converts testosterone 5-a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
▪ Aromatase: androstenedione estrone (mediated by granuolosa and FSH)
o Testosterone estradiol (mediated by FSH)
Sexual differentiation
▪ Normal Development
o 6- 8th week—genitalia are indistinguishable in M/F (Mullerian parts present)
o 8th week— in males T, DHT and MIS are secreted (masculinizes)
▪ The SRY gene—testicular development encodes the testis determining factor (TDF)
o TDF: SF1+ TDF SOX 9
▪ TDF: stimulates seminiferous, testis
▪ Leydig (to secrete testosterone)
▪ Sertoli to secrete (MIS)
▪ Wolffian duct—male reproductive tract; regresses due to MIS. Without hormone stimulation, the Mullerian
duct develops into fallopian tubes, uterus (cervix) and 1/3 of vagina.
▪ Testosterone—epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles
Summary Table Representing Differentiation
Female Structures
Influences
Primordia
Influences
Male Structures
ovary
XX genotype and no
SRY
XX genotype + SRY
testis
Wolffian Duct
Testosterone +
Androgen
Vas deferens, seminal
vesicles, epididymis
Fallopian tubes, uterus,
upper 1/3 vagina
lack of MIS and
(estrogen?)
Mullerian Duct
MIS
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Document Summary
The fallopian tube: muscular, tubular, secretory, ciliated. Intramural region: found in uterus wall and has a uterotubal junction (isthmus and intramural segment) Isthmus: from ismthic junction to uterotubal junction (2-3 cm: has thick circular muscle, thin longitudinal muscle, narrow lumen, secretory epithelium, little cilia, may retain egg into uterus, ampulla: longest region, large lumen, mucosal folds, at junction with isthmus. Infundibulum: trumpet shaped, thin, open into peritoneal cavity (called ostium, surrounded by fimbria which has cilia and is partially attached to ovary) Influenced by e2, cervical mucous is thin and watery, has filaments which allows for sperm to enter and move. In luteal phase this mucous is viscous and rubbery and has no micelle structure so sperm can(cid:495)t penetrate. It is the: bed and breakfast for sperm can hang out there for 7 days: the vagina and cervical wall help sperm to become transported. The vagina: outer muscular coat (smooth muscle, elastic)
