A PSY 203 Lecture 5: The Emergence of Action
13 Jun 2018
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Day 5: The Emergence of Action
Classical Conditioning:
• Discovered by Pavlov
• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) causes an unconditioned
response (UCR)
• Conditioning
o A neural stimulus (NS) is presented at the same time
with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
• The neutral stimulus (NS) now becomes a conditioned
stimulus (CS) and elicits a conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned Fear
• Loud sound + lab rat =fear of white animals
• Conditioned response was diff. (avoidance, crying) than unconditioned response (Startle)
• Conditioned fear may be a bit more general
Other Learning: operant conditioning
• Operant Conditioning → Behavior modified by using punishment or reward
Positive and Negative Reinforcement
• Reinforcement → positive or negative → increases at the likelihood of a behavior
o Positive reinforcement → the administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of
a behavior being repeated
o Negative reinforcement → the removal of a stimulus to increase the probability of a
behavior being repeated
• Punishment → reduced the probability that a behavior will recur
o Positive punishment → the administration of a stimulus to decrease the prob. Of a
behavior recurring
o Negative punishment → the removal of a stimulus to decrease the prob. Of a behavior
recurring!
Explicit Cognition → cognition that you are aware of (and can describe in words)
Implicit Cognition → Knowledge that you may not be able to describe in words
Earliest theories of development
• Jean Piaget
o Studied every aspect of child cognition
Piaget’s cognitive Development
• Scheme
o Child’s knowledge, representations and ways of interacting with the world
• Adaptation
o Relates schemes and experiences in the world
▪ Assimilation → interprets new experience in terms of existing schemes!
▪ Accommodation → alters schemes in response to new experiences
▪ Equilibrium → assimilation and accommodation working together to enrich the
child’s worldview!
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Conditioned fear: loud sound + lab rat =fear of white animals, conditioned response was diff. (avoidance, crying) than unconditioned response (startle, conditioned fear may be a bit more general. Other learning: operant conditioning: operant conditioning behavior modified by using punishment or reward. Of a behavior recurring: negative punishment the removal of a stimulus to decrease the prob. Explicit cognition cognition that you are aware of (and can describe in words) Implicit cognition knowledge that you may not be able to describe in words. Jean piaget: studied every aspect of child cognition. Infants retrieve fully hidden objects an experimenter takes two identical cloths and hides a desirable toy under cloth a. The child will reach and remove cloth a to get the toy. The experimenter often does this over and over and over again (errors increase with more a trials), always removing cloth a. The child will continue to search in location a for the toy and will find the toy.
