BIO 121 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Phloem, Rosaceae, Gametangium

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23 Mar 2018

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Chapter 23-24 review for test monday (no chapter 32 on exam 3) All plants are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with tissues, organs, and organ systems. Their cells contain chloroplasts, where they carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll as the main pigment molecule. Their cell walls are made of cellulose. Plants made it possible for other life to live on land. Plants also produce o2, and carry out photosynthesis. Plant evolution is marked by adaptations to living on land. One key adaptation may have started them off, a polymer called sporopollenin that prevents zygotes from. Green algae called charophytes are the closest living relatives of plants,. Plants and chlorophytes share traits which are not found in any other organism. Proteins arranged in rings that synthesize cellulose for the cell walls. During cell division, their microtubules form a structure called phragmoplast that starts the process of cytokinesis. Note that plants are not descended from modern charophytes. Plants and modern charophytes are sister groups.

Related Questions

Question 1

The key innovation that allowed for plant survival on land, seenin the first land plants and all others after, but not in thecharophytes, is

Question 1 options:

	fruit.
	vascular tissue.
	the seed.
	protection of the embryo.

Question 2

Which dramatic change in the alternation-of-generations lifecycle led to the protection of all phases of the life cycle and theformation of seeds?

Question 2 options:

	transition from a dominant gametophyte generation to a dominantsporophyte generation
	transition from a dominant sporophyte generation to a dominantgametophyte generation

Question 3

Which structure(s) allow the sporophyte of vascular plants to beprotected against drying out?

Question 3 options:

	the waxy covering of leaves, called the cuticle
	small openings in the leaves, called stomata
	guard cells that surround each stoma
	all of these structures protect the dominant sporophyte fromdrying out

Question 4

Why are the bryophytes called nonvascular plants?

Question 4 options:

	because they are specialized for transporting water and organicnutrients
	because their roots, stems, and leaves lack vascular tissue
	because they protect their embryo
	because they produce wind-blown spores

Question 5

Which generation is dominant in the bryophytes?

Question 5 options:

	the generations are equally dominant
	the sporophyte
	the gametophyte
	there is no sporophyte generation in bryophytes

Question 6

Which of the bryophytes are typically low-lying, due mostly totheir need for moisture and lack of vascular tissue?

Question 6 options:

	the mosses
	the liverworts
	the hornworts
	all of the bryophytes are low-lying

Question 7

Which structure of the moss protects the embryo from dryingout?

Question 7 options:

	the archegonium
	the antheridium
	the sporangium
	the stalk

Question 8

Cooksonia were the first __________ plants; they hadwind-blown spores, __________, leaves, and roots.

Question 8 options:

	nonvascular; branches
	vascular; seeds
	nonvascular; seeds
	vascular; branches

Question 9

The roots of today's lycophytes are much like __________ were inearly vascular plants; the vascular tissue is __________.

Question 9 options:

	roots; centrally placed
	stems; centrally placed
	leaves; only found at the perimeter
	branches; only found at the perimeter

Question 10

Pteridophytes, or ferns and their allies, are __________vascular plants with __________.

Question 10 options:

	seed-producing; microphylls
	seedless; microphylls
	seedless; megaphylls
	seed-producing; megaphylls

Question 11

Microphylls __________. Megaphylls__________.

Question 11 options:

	are found in all vascular plants; are only found in thelycophytes
	are broad leaves with a single strand of vascular tissue; arenarrow and have several strands vascular tissue
	are broad leaves with several strands of vascular tissue; arenarrow and have a single strand of vascular tissue
	are narrow and have a single strand of vascular tissue; arebroad leaves with several strands of vascular tissue

Question 12

The fern life cycle

Question 12 options:

	all of these choices accurately describe the fern lifecycle.
	is dependent on external water.
	relies on the wind to disperse the spores.
	produces a gametophyte that lacks vascular tissue.

Question 13

Seed plants use meiosis to produce

Question 13 options:

	spores and pollen.
	seeds and fruit.
	pollen and seeds.
	microspores and megaspores.

Question 14

In seed plants, a microspore develops into

Question 14 options:

	an egg.
	a pollen grain.
	a sporophyte.
	All of these answers correctly complete this sentence.

Question 15

Within the angiosperms, or ___________, two groups exist. Theyare named for their __________.

Question 15 options:

	vascular plants; number of cotyledons, or seed coats
	nonvascular plants; leaf type
	flowering plants; number of cotyledons, or seed coats
	fungi; leaf type

Question 16

The __________ parts of a flower are the stamens, each of whichhas two parts: the anther and the filament. The __________ parts ofa flower are the carpel, which has three major regions: the stigma,the style, and the __________.

Question 16 options:

	female; male; ovary
	male; female; sepals
	female; male; sepals
	male; female; ovary

Question 17

Double fertilization during the angiosperm life cycle involvestwo sperm, one of which __________, while the other __________.

Question 17 options:

	fertilizes the egg to form a zygote; produces the endospermnucleus, which will develop into food for the developing plant
	is a mature male gametophyte; is an immature malegametophyte
	lands on the carpel of the plant; is usually blown away in thewind
	develops into the seed; develops into the fruit that surroundsthe seeds

Question 18

The bodies of most fungi are made up of a network of filamentscalled hyphae.

Question 18 options:

	True
	False

Question 19

What is the difference between land fungi and the chytrids?

Question 19 options:

	Land fungi are motile and have flagella at all stages of theirlife cycle. The chytrids do not have flagella.
	Land fungi are nonmotile and do not have flagella at any stageof their life cycle. The chytrids have flagellated spores andgametes.
	Land fungi are nonmotile and only have flagellated spores. Thechytrids have flagellated spores and gametes.
	Both are motile for part of their life cycle. Land fungi aremotile as gametes. Chytrids are motile as spores.

Question 20

The vast majority of described species of fungi are __________fungi, which include unicellular __________, which reproducesexually once their food supply runs out. When yeast ferment, theyproduce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Question 20 options:

	zygospore; black bread molds
	club; mushroom
	sac; yeast
	mutualistic; lichen

yellowmuskrat453

1. Select the true statements concerning tracheids.

	Tracheids are responsible foranchoring the plant to a substrate.
	Pterophytes lack tracheids but haveeuphylls.
	Without tracheids colonization ofland would not have been possible.
	All of the large dominant extantland plants are tracheophytes.
	Tracheids allow for efficienttransport of water over longer distances.

2. Plants lacking well-developed conducting systems such asmosses, liverworts, and hornworts have been called

angiosperms.

3.Select the true statements concerning gametophytes andsporophytes.

Both produce gametes.

Sporophytes are alwaysnutritionally dependent on the gametophytes.

Across all plant speciesgametophytes tend to remain small.

Only sporophytes produce eggs.

Antheridia are located on the gametophyte.

4. A waxy cuticle helps prevents desiccation. What is the costof this adaptation?

Slower H₂Otransport

Reduced gas permeability

Lowered light absorption

Increased exposure to damaging UVradiation

Increased susceptibility to pathogenic infection

5.Select the best answer to complete the following statement.Stomata are openings used by plants for the passage of

carbon dioxide, oxygen, and watervapor.

only carbon dioxide and spores orgametes.

only carbon dioxide and watervapor.

only carbon dioxide andpollen.

only oxygen and carbon dioxide.

6.One of the main distinctions between charophytes and landplants is the possession of a cuticle. Why do modern charophyteslack a cuticle?

Their tough seed coats negate theneed for a cuticle.

Cuticles aren't necessary whenliving in water.

Modern Charophytes make up for theabsence of a cuticle by have large numbers of stomata.

Charophytes have a haplodiplontic life cycle.

7.Select the following plant adaptations for the terrestrialenvironment that are correctly listed by their function.

Stomata allow for gas exchangebetween the plant and the atmosphere.

Tracheids protect againstdesiccation.

Stomata transport water aroundplant body.

Tracheids transport water and minerals around the plantbody.

8.What would be the simplest way for a non-botanist to confirmthat the fern is not a small palm?

Height, all ferns are verysmall

Lack of roots, palms have roots butferns do not

Leaf shape, only ferns havedissected leaves

Dots on the underside of the leaf, only ferns have sporangiaunder their fronds

9.Select the true statements relating to the colonization ofland by plants.

Desiccation is a much more commonproblem in terrestrial environments.

Cuticle layers reduce gasexchange.

Xylem tissue, seeds and stomata arefound on both plants and charophytes.

Without trachids land plant would not have been to able to growmore than just a meter or so tall.

10.Survival on land for organisms is difficult because of theproblem of

syngamy.

11. Well-developed vascular systems are absent in all of thefollowing except

Pterophytes.

12. Bryophytes, like ferns and certain other tracheophyteplants, require

soil to reproduce sexually.

water to reproduce sexually.

sunlight to reproducesexually.

air to reproduce sexually.

shade to reproduce sexually.

13.Plant success on the terrestrial landscape is linked to theevolution of all of the following except

	gas-filled air spaces.
	stems.
	specialized reproductivefeatures.
	specialized roots.
	increased area for photosynthesisin the leaves.

violetantelope136

________30. If you are investigating the inner structure of a new cell and see that it has a significantly larger amount of RER than other cells. You would conclude the cell does a great deal of____?
A. ATP synthesis

B. protein synthesis
C. DNA synthesis
D. active transport
E. polysaccharide hydrolysis

________31. If a cell comes in contact with a toxic substance such as H2O2, it could survive as long as it has a ___ to digest it.
A. DNA
B. peroxisome

C. mitochondria
D. phospholipids
E. intermediate filaments

________32. Some cells have structures to help them withstand osmotic pressure. For example,
A. Plant cells due to their walls
B. Animal cells due to the sodium/potassium pumps

C. Bacterial cell due to their swimming

D. Viruses due to their protein coats

________33. Evolution occurs only as a cell ____.

A. They undergo mitosis
B. Change in their gene pool
C. They move from one habitat to another

D. They begin to eat different foods

________34. Ribosomes are produced in the

A. nucleoli.
B. chromatin.
C. nuclear envelopes.

D. Golgi complex. E. cisternae.

________35. Algae are often green, but there are red and brown species also. What accounts for this difference in color?
A. The chlorophyll of chloroplasts
B. The pigments in other plastids

C. The presence of a mitochondria
D. The accumulation of cellular wastes

________36. The chloroplast and other like prokaryotes have which of the following that helps with photosynthesis?
A. They live in water based environments
B. They have chloroplasts in their cytoplasm

C. Change color in the dark vs. the sun
D. They have photoreceptor proteins in their membranes or mesosomes.

________37. Located in the membrane, we see a set of proteins called receptors that only connect with or bind to specific substances. This is called __.
A. ligand specificity.
B. hormone selectivity.

C. cell tonicity.
D. water saturation. E. signal resolution.

________38. Of the following statements, we could say that ___ is false.
A. All organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
B. An organism's structure and all of its functions are due to the activities of cells.
C. The cellular organelles are the simplest structural and functional unit of life.
D. Cells come from preexisting cells.
E. Cells are made from nonliving components including the nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm.

________39. If it is really true that our cells are the smallest anatomical unit that meets all of the properties of life, then which of the following could imply otherwise?
A. vacuoles
B. centrioles

C. Golgi apparatus
D. mitochondria
E. endoplasmic reticulum

________40. Oxygen is an absolute need for animal and plant cells alike due to the ___.

A. RER
B. Mitochondria
C. Lysosomes

D. DNA

________41. In a plasma membrane, we expect to see the carb/protein structures to extend into the ___, but the secondary messengers to move within the __.
A. extracellular fluid; cytosol
B. cytosol; extracellular fluid

C. intracellular fluid; cytosol

D. cytosol; intracellular fluid

E. extracellular fluid; plasma

________42. Bacteria are found in all of the following habitats:

A. Caves
B. Oceans
C. Animals

D. Everywhere on Earth

________43. Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Solution A has a higher concentration of an impermeable solute compared to solution B. Which of the following do you expect would happen?
A. solute will move from solution A to solution B

B. solute will move from solution B to solution A

C. water will more from solution A to solution B

D. water will move from solution B to solution A E. no movement of solute or water will occur

________44. In the kidney, we notice that almost all of the cells involved in the production of urine have high concentrations of the Na+/K+ pump. Which typically works to push Na+ ___ its concentration gradient by using ___.
A. up; active transport

B. up; facilitated transport
C. up; cotransport
D. down; active transport
E. down; facilitated transport

________45. In the charts of a patient recently admitted to the hospital noted that he was taking a medication called lithium and high doses of calcium supplements. Given this, we would expect the patientâs liver to have a higher than normal amount of __ to purify out the lithium and calcium.

A. lysosomes.
B. centrosomes.
C. mitochondria.
D. peroxisomes.
E. rough endoplasmic reticulum.

________46. We have long observed that our neural cells in the brain cannot replicate or replace themselves due to the lack of ____.
A. produce ATP.
B. divide.

C. produce enzymes.
D. secrete material across their plasma membrane E. conduct electrical signals.

________47. An organismâs structure and function is ultimately due to the structure and function of itâs __.
A. Organs
B. Tissues

C. Cells

D. Nuclei

BIO 121 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Phloem, Rosaceae, Gametangium

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