HY 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Ubaid Period, Uruk Period, Social Stratification
30 May 2018
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C H A P T E R 1 – E A R L Y C I V I L I Z A T I O N S
I.Introduction
A. Çatalhöyük—seven thousand to nine thousand years ago (south central Turkey)
1. A "city" of eight thousand living in two thousand homes
2. An organized and technologically sophisticated society
3. Religious rites and burial of the dead
4. Domesticated plants and animals
5. Little division of labor
6. How do we explain the emergence of Çatalhöyük?
II. The Stone Age Background
. Prehistory: before written records appeared (c. 3000 B.C.E.)
A. Early man and archaeological evidence
1. Tool-making hominids appear about 2 million years ago
2. Paleolithic man (Old Stone Age)
3. Heidelberg man (three hundred fifty thousand years ago)— deliberately buried their dead
4. Neanderthal (thirty thousand to two hundred thousand years ago)—abstract thought?
5. Upper Paleolithic Age, c. 40,000 B.C.E.
a. Homo sapiens sapiens
b. Finely crafted tools
c. Cave paintings at Lascaux
B. Hunters and gatherers constantly on the move (c. 11,000 B.C.E.)
C. Social, economic, and political consequences
1. Without domesticated animals, there were no significant material possessions
2. Disparities in wealth unlikely to occur
3. Hierarchical structures of leadership unknown
4. Undeveloped division of labor
5. Acquiring food and tools the top priority
6. No storable surpluses
III. The Neolithic Revolution: New Stone Age, c. 11,000 B.C.E.
. Major characteristics
1. Development of managed food production
2. Permanent settlements
3. Intensification of trade
4. More complex society
5. Specialization
6. Social distinctions
A. The origins of food production in the ancient Near East
1. Domestication of plants and animals
2. A gradual process with revolutionary consequences
3. The Fertile Crescent (ancient western Asia/ancient Near East)
4. Population increase
5. Surplus and storage
6. Why did the agricultural revolution take place?
B. The emergence of towns and villages
1. Emergence of villages
2. Jericho (c. 9000 B.C.E.)
. Grain-producing settlement
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