BIO 200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Dinoflagellate, Oomycete, Red Algae

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harlequingerbil986

28 Oct 2014

School

University at Buffalo

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BIO 200

Professor

Francis Poulin

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Document Summary

Protists are amazing because they actually make an enormously large difference in our lives. They touch our lives in ways people are not aware of because they are, in general, really small. Protists mark the arrival of the eukaryotes on the world stage and this is a huge event in the history of life. We have chemical evidence of eukaryotic cells as far back as 2. 7 bya. But we don"t have true fossils of them until about a billion years later. For the first time we see internal cell membranes and we also see thicker cell walls. So we distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes in only 3 major ways: multicellularity, sexual reproduction, compartmentalization. Multicellular bodies allow organisms to deal with their environment in new ways because they can differentiate their cell types into organs and tissues. And this allows organisms to be more flexible about the environments they encounter.

Related Questions

________30. If you are investigating the inner structure of a new cell and see that it has a significantly larger amount of RER than other cells. You would conclude the cell does a great deal of____?
A. ATP synthesis

B. protein synthesis
C. DNA synthesis
D. active transport
E. polysaccharide hydrolysis

________31. If a cell comes in contact with a toxic substance such as H2O2, it could survive as long as it has a ___ to digest it.
A. DNA
B. peroxisome

C. mitochondria
D. phospholipids
E. intermediate filaments

________32. Some cells have structures to help them withstand osmotic pressure. For example,
A. Plant cells due to their walls
B. Animal cells due to the sodium/potassium pumps

C. Bacterial cell due to their swimming

D. Viruses due to their protein coats

________33. Evolution occurs only as a cell ____.

A. They undergo mitosis
B. Change in their gene pool
C. They move from one habitat to another

D. They begin to eat different foods

________34. Ribosomes are produced in the

A. nucleoli.
B. chromatin.
C. nuclear envelopes.

D. Golgi complex. E. cisternae.

________35. Algae are often green, but there are red and brown species also. What accounts for this difference in color?
A. The chlorophyll of chloroplasts
B. The pigments in other plastids

C. The presence of a mitochondria
D. The accumulation of cellular wastes

________36. The chloroplast and other like prokaryotes have which of the following that helps with photosynthesis?
A. They live in water based environments
B. They have chloroplasts in their cytoplasm

C. Change color in the dark vs. the sun
D. They have photoreceptor proteins in their membranes or mesosomes.

________37. Located in the membrane, we see a set of proteins called receptors that only connect with or bind to specific substances. This is called __.
A. ligand specificity.
B. hormone selectivity.

C. cell tonicity.
D. water saturation. E. signal resolution.

________38. Of the following statements, we could say that ___ is false.
A. All organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
B. An organism's structure and all of its functions are due to the activities of cells.
C. The cellular organelles are the simplest structural and functional unit of life.
D. Cells come from preexisting cells.
E. Cells are made from nonliving components including the nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm.

________39. If it is really true that our cells are the smallest anatomical unit that meets all of the properties of life, then which of the following could imply otherwise?
A. vacuoles
B. centrioles

C. Golgi apparatus
D. mitochondria
E. endoplasmic reticulum

________40. Oxygen is an absolute need for animal and plant cells alike due to the ___.

A. RER
B. Mitochondria
C. Lysosomes

D. DNA

________41. In a plasma membrane, we expect to see the carb/protein structures to extend into the ___, but the secondary messengers to move within the __.
A. extracellular fluid; cytosol
B. cytosol; extracellular fluid

C. intracellular fluid; cytosol

D. cytosol; intracellular fluid

E. extracellular fluid; plasma

________42. Bacteria are found in all of the following habitats:

A. Caves
B. Oceans
C. Animals

D. Everywhere on Earth

________43. Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Solution A has a higher concentration of an impermeable solute compared to solution B. Which of the following do you expect would happen?
A. solute will move from solution A to solution B

B. solute will move from solution B to solution A

C. water will more from solution A to solution B

D. water will move from solution B to solution A E. no movement of solute or water will occur

________44. In the kidney, we notice that almost all of the cells involved in the production of urine have high concentrations of the Na+/K+ pump. Which typically works to push Na+ ___ its concentration gradient by using ___.
A. up; active transport

B. up; facilitated transport
C. up; cotransport
D. down; active transport
E. down; facilitated transport

________45. In the charts of a patient recently admitted to the hospital noted that he was taking a medication called lithium and high doses of calcium supplements. Given this, we would expect the patientâs liver to have a higher than normal amount of __ to purify out the lithium and calcium.

A. lysosomes.
B. centrosomes.
C. mitochondria.
D. peroxisomes.
E. rough endoplasmic reticulum.

________46. We have long observed that our neural cells in the brain cannot replicate or replace themselves due to the lack of ____.
A. produce ATP.
B. divide.

C. produce enzymes.
D. secrete material across their plasma membrane E. conduct electrical signals.

________47. An organismâs structure and function is ultimately due to the structure and function of itâs __.
A. Organs
B. Tissues

C. Cells

D. Nuclei

Select the statements that correctly represent the theory ofevolution. Select all that apply.

Evolution is partly about inheritance. Evidence of evolution isseen in structures such as wisdom teeth and the tail bone inhumans. These structures are thought to be âleft overâ from ourancestors and no longer appear to have any essential function inmodern humans.

Natural selection means that todayâs organisms are perfectlyadapted after millions of years of fine-tuning. No further changesare necessary because of all the progress that has been made bynatural selection.

We can see evidence of past natural selection in adaptationssuch as the camouflage of moths perched on the bark of their hosttree. We can also see natural selection at work today if we trackhow populations change in rapidly changing environments.

The theory of evolution does not apply to life today. It isstrictly about the history of life: what happened in the past asseen in fossils.

Scientists disagree about the main ideas of evolutionary theorybecause of incomplete or conflicting evidence.

Question 2

Select one answer.

10 points

The ability or tendency of organisms and cells to maintainstable internal conditions is called

metabolism

homeostasis

emergent property

evolution

Question 3

Select one answer.

10 points

Why do organisms maintain fairly steady conditions within theircells and bodies?

They need to keep conditions stable so that they can obtainfood.

Organisms just change along with whatever is happening in theoutside world, which is usually quite steady.

They must maintain stable conditions to keep their enzymesworking and generally to enable the chemical reactions of life.

Unstable conditions will destroy the DNA in cells; this is themost important risk for a cell facing physical or chemicalstress.

Question 4

Select one answer.

10 points

An organism or cell exhibits ____________ when it maintainssteady internal conditions despite changes in the outerenvironment.

homeostasis

evolution

balance

natural selection

Question 5

Select one answer.

10 points

Which type of molecule best illustrates the very strongrelationship between structure and function in biology?

enzymes

oxygen gas

all kinds of organic matter

water

Question 6

Select one answer.

10 points

Which best expresses how nutrients and energy move throughlife?

Nutrients flow from sunlight to organic matter to heat. Energycycles among all life forms.

Nutrients cycle among all life forms. Energy flows from sunlightto chemical energy to heat.

Nutrients and energy both are continually recycled in a greatcircle of life.

Question 7

Select one answer.

10 points

Which of the following is not a recurring theme in biology?

Living organisms maintain homeostasis.

Energy flows through living systems while matter isrecycled.

Evolutionary processes explain both the unity and adaptivediversity of life.

All of these are recurring themes.

Question 8

Select one answer.

10 points

Which statement about evolution is FALSE?

According to evolutionary theory, you are related to abacterium, to a yeast cell, to a snake, and to a whale. In fact,you are related to every species now alive on Earth, and to fossilspecies like dinosaurs as well.

Evolution occurs constantly, without end; there is no endpointin evolution.

Natural selection acts on genetic differences within apopulation to cause evolution. Individuals do not evolve.

Natural selection is about slow but steady progress. Through it,populations constantly get better-adapted. When this process iscompleted for all populations, evolution will come to a stop.

Question 9

Select one answer.

10 points

Imagine you have a peanut butter sandwich in front of you. Thesandwich is an example of _______.

matter

energy

Question 10

Select one answer.

10 points

You provide your gut bacteria with a warm place to live. Theyprovide you with vitamins and other services. This most directlyrepresents an example of...

shared ancestry of all life

natural selection

homeostasis

interdependence of life

Need 150 word response to the below discussion post

The heart is the most important muscle in your body. The heart is just like a pump that moves the blood throughout the body. This action is what keeps us alive. We are typically taught about the danger of a heart attack, and what we must change in our lives to prevent it; but just like many people, I am at a high risk for heart disease because of family history as well as because of my firefighter career, as heart disease is the number one killer of firefighters (Fire Engineering, 2012). According to the American Heart Association, âboth the risk of heart disease and risk factors for heart disease are strongly linked to family historyâ (American Heart Association, 2016). However, even though your family history provided a picture or marker for possible issues, it is up to us to lower the risk by making changes in our lifestyles.

Heart attacks are caused by blockage that stops blood flow to the heart. A heart attack is when there is damage or death to the heart muscle tissue due to loss of blood supply and this does not necessarily result in an individual's death. A heart attack can show symptoms, such as radiating chest pain or discomfort, dizziness or nausea, sweating, anxiety, stomach pain and shortness of breath. Women have the same symptoms, but they do show some difference in that they describe the pain in their stomach and shoulder blades. In the field we treat heart attack by treating the symptoms; we use IV fluids, baby aspirin, as well as nitroglycerin.

There is another silent killer that most people do not hear much about or they think it is the same thing as a heart attack. As a medic, I deal with this life and death situation all the time, and it interesting to see how many people are not aware of the difference of a heart attack and a sudden cardiac arrest. Sudden cardiac arrest is the abrupt loss of heart function in a person who may or may not have diagnosed heart disease. This can happen at any time, its unexpected and occurs instantly, or seconds after symptoms occur. Cardiac arrest is caused when the heartâs electrical system malfunctions. This causes the heart to go into and irregular heart rhythm (ventricular fibrillation). When this happens, the hearts lower chambers suddenly start quivering and this stops the pump of blood in the heart. The only thing that can reverse cardiac arrest is early defibrillation and CPR. Most people think that a defibrillator can be used on heart attack patients, but this is not the case. The defibrillator is used to shock the heart and restore the normal heart rhythm, if the heart stops, then CPR has to be performed.

Unlike a heart attack, sudden cardiac arrest can happen to anyone, no matter how health or fit they are. According to the American Heart Association âcardiac arrest is a leading cause of death, nearly 360,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest occur annually in the United Statesâ (American Heart Association, 2016).

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BIO 200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Dinoflagellate, Oomycete, Red Algae

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