PSYC 355 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Motivation, Social Comparison Theory, In-Group Favoritism
8 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Gender and Ethnic Development
•the self→ conceptual system made up of one’s thoughts and attitudes about oneself
–can include thoughts about
>>physical being
>>social roles
>>relationships
>>”spiritual” characteristics
>>internal characteristics
•the developing sense of self
–children’s self conception changes greatly with age
>>infancy
>>toddlerhood
>>early childhood
>>middle childhood→ social comparison
>>late childhood→ higher-order concepts, objective, relationships
>>early adolescence
∆abstract and concrete characteristics
∆context dependent
∆personal fable
∆imaginary audience
>>late adolescence→ integrated and less determined by what others think
•approaching adulthood, adolescents must develop a sense of identity that incorporates
numerous aspects
–values
–goals about the future
–their sexual identity
•identity→ a fairly stable sense of who you are that seems to be shared by significant people in
your life and is expressed in various roles
–an integration of various aspects of the self
•identity in adolescence
–Erik Erikson→ the crisis of identity versus identity confusion (5th stage) is the chief
developmental task in adolescence
>>failure to resolve this conflict can lead to
∆identity confusion
∆identity foreclosure
∆negative identity
–identity moratorium→ a time-out in which an adolescent can pursue activities that lead to
Self-discovery
•Marcia’s 4 identity-status categories
–Identity diffusion→ low commitment, low crisis/exploration
>>may or may not have experienced crisis in the past but is currently not
>>lack of commitment
>>no decision made, but not concerned about or actively working on it
–Identity moratorium→ low commitment, high crisis/exploration
>>currently in the crisis
>>commitments are vague
>>actively struggling to make a commitment
–Identity foreclosure→ high commitment, low crisis/exploration
>>very little crisis experience
>>express strong commitment
>>goals come from parents, others
–Identity achievement→ high commitment, high crisis/exploration
>>does experience crisis
>>is committed
>>decision made on own items
–identity outcomes
>>individuals in identity-diffusion and moratorium statuses tend to move into
identity-achievement status
>>individuals in a foreclosed state often remain there
>>attaining identity-achievement status is related to
∆social maturity
∆higher in achievement motivation
–influences on identity formation
>>more likely to have a foreclosed identity status if parents are overly protective or
cold/controlling
>>more likely to explore identity options if at least one parent encourages them
>>individual’s own behavior and social and historical contexts are influential
•aspects of identity development
–social identities
>>race, ethnicity
>>gender
>>sexual orientation
–vocational identity
–religious beliefs
–values and preferences
–political affiliations and beliefs
•sex ≠ gender ≠ sexual orientation
–sex→ assigned at birth, refers to one’s biological status as either male or female
>>associated primarily with physical attributes such as chromosomes, hormone
prevalence, and external and internal anatomy
–gender→ the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given
society considers appropriate for boys and men or girls and women
•developmental psychology perspective on gender
–gender is explained on the basis of
>>biological differences
Document Summary
Gender and ethnic development: the self conceptual system made up of one"s thoughts and attitudes about oneself. >>late adolescence integrated and less determined by what others think: approaching adulthood, adolescents must develop a sense of identity that incorporates numerous aspects. Their sexual identity: identity a fairly stable sense of who you are that seems to be shared by significant people in your life and is expressed in various roles. An integration of various aspects of the self: identity in adolescence. Erik erikson the crisis of identity versus identity confusion (5th stage) is the chief developmental task in adolescence. >>failure to resolve this conflict can lead to. Identity moratorium a time-out in which an adolescent can pursue activities that lead to. >>may or may not have experienced crisis in the past but is currently not. >>no decision made, but not concerned about or actively working on it. >>individuals in identity-diffusion and moratorium statuses tend to move into identity-achievement status.
