HUN 2201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Enterocyte, Digestion, Salivary Gland

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orangeherring20

27 Dec 2018

School

USF

Department

Nutrition

Course

HUN 2201

Professor

Quiroga (Hall made lectures)

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Document Summary

Test yourself (t/f: if you eat only small amounts of food, over time, your stomach will permanently shrink. F correct: the entire process of digestion and absorption of one meal takes about 24 hours. T correct: most ulcers result from a type of infection. Atoms almost constantly bind to each other in nature. When they do they form groups called molecules. Use them to build, maintain and repair body structures. Cells: the smallest unit of matter that exhibits the properties of living things, such as growth and metabolism. the human body is composed of trillions of cells. Enterocytes: the cells lining the wall of the intestine: they only live a few days. Tissues: a grouping of like cells that performs a function; for example, muscle tissue. Organs: a body structure composed of two or more tissues and performing a specific function; for example; the esophagus.

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The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum.

1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

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Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body. The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum. 1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

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35. What is the relationship between osmolarity and water activity?

(A) There is a negative correlation; as osmolarity increases water activity also increases.

(B) There is a positive correlation; as osmolarity increases water activity decreases.

(C)There is no correlation between osmolarity and water activity.

(D)There is a negative correlation; as osmolarity increases water activity decreases.

(E) There is a positive correlation; as osmolarity increases water activity also increases.

36. Which of the following enzymes generates hydrogen peroxide when destroying a reactive oxygen species?

(A) superoxide dismutase (B) catalase

(C)peroxidase (D)ATP synthetase

(E) NADH dehydrogenase

37. A genetic program leading to the production of chaperones, proteases, and enzymes that change membrane lipid composition, in response to adverse environmental conditions, is known as the

(A) irradiation response. (B) high pressure response.

(C)halophilic response. (D)Arrhenius response.

(E) heat shock response.

38. Changes in environmental temperature may

(A) affect the fluidity of bacterial membranes.

(B) affect the motion of macromolecules within the bacterial cell.

(C)affect the stability of molecules within bacteria.

(D)all of the above.

(E) none of the above.

39. Within temperatures allowable for growth, higher temperatures usually lead to

(A) higher growth rates. (B) slower growth rates.

(C)no effect on growth rates. (D)unpredictable growth rates.

(E) variable effect, depending on the species.

40. Which of the following sentences is correct?

(A) Sanitation kills all cells, spores, and viruses on an object, sterilization removes pathogens from inanimate surfaces, and disinfection removes pathogens from the surface of living tissues.

(B) Disinfection kills all cells, spores, and viruses on an object, antisepsis removes pathogens from inanimate surfaces, and sterilization removes pathogens from the surface of living tissues.

(C)Sterilization kills all cells, spores, and viruses on an object, disinfection removes pathogens from inanimate surfaces, and antisepsis removes pathogens from the surface of living tissues.

(D)Disinfection kills all cells, spores, and viruses on an object, sterilization removes pathogens from inanimate surfaces, and antisepsis removes pathogens from the surface of living tissues.

(E) Sanitation kills all cells, spores, and viruses on an object, sterilization removes pathogens from inanimate surfaces, and antisepsis removes pathogens from the surface of living tissues.

19. Which of the following is true of all biofilms?

(A) They only contain a single species of bacteria.

(B) Biofilms can form on a range of biotic or abiotic surfaces.

(C)Cells in a biofilm are dormant until the bacteria leave the biofilm.

(D)Biofilms are composed of a single monolayer of EPS.

(E) Biofilms are not found in or on the human body.

HUN 2201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Enterocyte, Digestion, Salivary Gland

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