MICROM 301 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Western Blot, Iron Lung, Neisseria
Independent Study - Applications of Immunology
I. Principles of Immunization (SECTION 18.1; FIGURE 18.2)
Active immunity: immune response to exposure to an antigen -- in response to the exposure, specific B
and T cells are activated multiply (lasting protection due to immunological memory)
-Naturally acquired: exposure to an infection through normal events (Actually getting an
infection)
-Artificially acquired: immunity artificially acquired from vaccinations
Passive immunity: occurs naturally during pregnancy – mother’s IgG antibodies cross the placenta and
protects the fetus
Also occurs as a result of breast feeding – IgA protects the digestive tract of the child
These antibodies remain active in the newborn during the first few months of life
Provides no memory
-Naturally acquired:
oAntibodies acquired from mother through the placenta and breast milk
-Artificially acquired:
oInjecting a person with antibodies produced by other people or animals
Can prevent disease immediately before or after likely exposure to a pathogen
Can limit the duration or certain diseases
Can block the action of microbial toxins
oAntiserum: serum containing the protective antibodies
Contains the fluid portion of blood that remains after blood clots
Antitoxin: antiserum that protects against a toxin
II. Vaccines and Immunization Procedures (SECTION 18.2)
Attenuated vaccines:
-Weakened but replicating bacteria or viruses
-Generally cannot cause disease
-Results in long lasting immunity
-Can possibly be spread from an individual being immunized to other non-immune people (can
immunize them too possibly)
Inactivated vaccines: unable to replicate – cannot cause infections or revert back to pathogenic forms
Less effective than attenuated several boosters usually needed to induce sufficient immunity
-Inactivated whole agents – surface isotopes aren’t significantly changed
oKilled bacteria
oInactivated viruses
-Toxoids:
oInactivated toxins used to protect against diseases caused by bacterial toxins
oDestroys the toxic part of the molecules while keeping the antigenic epitopes
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-Subunit vaccines:
oKey protein antigens or antigenic fragments of a pathogen
-VLP vaccines
-Polysaccharide vaccines
-Conjugate vaccines
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Document Summary
Independent study - applications of immunology: principles of immunization (section 18. 1; figure 18. 2) Active immunity: immune response to exposure to an antigen -- in response to the exposure, specific b and t cells are activated (cid:0) multiply (lasting protection due to immunological memory) Naturally acquired: exposure to an infection through normal events (actually getting an infection) Artificially acquired: immunity artificially acquired from vaccinations. Passive immunity: occurs naturally during pregnancy mother"s igg antibodies cross the placenta and protects the fetus. Also occurs as a result of breast feeding iga protects the digestive tract of the child. These antibodies remain active in the newborn during the first few months of life. Naturally acquired: antibodies acquired from mother through the placenta and breast milk. Artificially acquired: injecting a person with antibodies produced by other people or animals. Can prevent disease immediately before or after likely exposure to a pathogen. Can limit the duration or certain diseases.
