PSC 1 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Iatrogenesis, Demonic Possession, Relapse Prevention
PSC Lecture 16 – Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Mood and Anxiety Disorders
• Mania: hyperactivity, hypersensitivity (extremely emotionally reactive)
• Depression: the opposite of mania
o Causes high suicide rates and suicide attempts
o Women make more suicide attempts than men but men have higher rates of
success for suicide
o Suicide risk greatest during recovery
• Bipolar Disorder I and II: combination of mania and depression, alternate between the
different states
• Theories of Depression
o Cognitive theory proposed by Beck
▪ Irrational negative beliefs (extremely high negative response)
• Negative thoughts increase and increase and build upon each
other
▪ Cognitive schema
• Learned: nothing physically wrong but people learn to be
depressed
• Self-fulfilling prophecy: negative mindset prevents people from
trying and then failure contributes to negative image of self
o Learned helplessness proposed by Seligman
▪ Dog experiments
• Operant conditioning, learned helplessness, and depression
• Punished no matter what
• Two different sides of cage: one electrified and one safe side,
normally dog jumps towards the safe side
• Another cage but barrier between electrified and safe side
o Dog develops learned helplessness
o Transfer dog to normal cage and the dogs stays on the
electrified side even when barrier removed
o Injecting dog with Prozac (antidepressant) influences the
dog to try to escape again
▪ Antidepressants alleviate helpless behavior
▪ Expectations play key role
o Existentialism proposed by Frankl
▪ Frankl survived through concentration camp during WWII
• Observed that some people committed suicide and others did not
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
• Discovered that survivors had sense of purpose and purpose for
existence
• Treatment for depression
o Drugs such as anti-depressants and MAO inhibitors (MAO inhibitors have diet
restrictions)
o Shock therapy
▪ General anesthesia, muscle relaxation to prevent injury
▪ Attach electrodes and send electric currents to the brain
o Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy
▪ Learned negative cognitive schemas and development of better mindset
• Cognition and cognitive distortions
▪ Behavior: action and emotion are connected, harder to be depressed
when physically active
• Anxiety disorders (anxiety is good, but too much anxiety is bad)
o Phobias
▪ Mysophobia: germs
▪ Ailurophobia: cats
▪ Acrophobia: high places
▪ Fear must be irrational
▪ Conditioning explains phobias and counterconditioning cures phobias
• Progressive desensitization
• Flooding
o Obsessive-compulsive disorder
▪ Minor obsessions are common
▪ Clinical diagnosis requires major subjective distress or chronic
impairment of function
o Anxiety disorder treatment
▪ Drugs such as SSRIs
▪ Cognitive-behavioral therapy
o Post-traumatic stress disorder
▪ Traumatic event such as threat of death or serious energy occurs
• Usually involves fear and helplessness
▪ Event re-experienced through nightmares, flashbacks (not just
remembering)
▪ Avoidance, emotional numbing
▪ Persistent arousal or vigilance (hard time relaxing or sleeping)
o Treatment for PTSD
▪ Drugs
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
