BIO SCI N120A Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Glucose Tolerance Test, Efferent Arteriole, Afferent Arterioles
24 Jul 2019
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Document Summary
Hypoglycemia alpha cells glucagon forms glucose to release. Hyperglycemia beta cells insulin glucose to glycogen. Stress inhibits insulin release, increases glucagon, increases lipolysis, decreases aa and fat storage, increases glucose/gluconeogenesis. Type ii: insulin resistant, cells don"t want to take glucose out. Insulin binds to receptor signal transduction cascade new glut 4 receptors brought to surface through exocytosis glucose enters cell. Insulin = glucose uptake in muscle; no lipolysis or glucose production. Dilated afferent arteriole, constricted efferent arteriole (increased pressure), loss of proteins so cell inflammation: ace inhibitor dilates the efferent arteriole to decrease pressure going out of nephron. Treatments: insulin injections, metformin: decreases amount of glucose produced by liver, erythropoietin: increase red blood cells = relieves fatigue, weight reduction (increases sensitivity to insulin, drugs for type ii: increase insulin production (chlorpropamide), decrease sugar absorption (acarbose) Amino acids undergo deamination to form ammonia and keto acid less toxic urea.
