BIO SCI 99 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Base Pair, Dna Supercoil, Regulatory Sequence

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17 May 2018

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Bio 99 – Part 2: Lecture #1

I. Transcription

a. The process by which genetic information represented by a sequence of DNA

nucleotides is copied into newly synthesized molecules of RNA, with the DNA

serving as a template

II. Replication versus transcription

a. Replication (DNA)

i. Both strands of the DNA are copied (complementary sequences)

ii. ALL of the DNA is copies (the entire genome)

iii. Primer is needed for DNA polymerase to synthesize a complementary

stad fo the 5’ to ’ dietio

iv. Base pairs are: A, T, G, C

b. Transcription (RNA)

i. Selective parts of the DNA sequences are copied into RNA

ii. Only one strand of DNA is used as the template for RNA

iii. RNA polymerases do not require a primer for synthesis of

complementary RNA strand

iv. Teplate is opied ’ to 5’ i ode to ake a 5’ to ’ RNA

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v. Bases included are A, U, G, C

III. Forms of RNA

a. Messenger RNA

i. Encode the amino acid sequence of one or more polypeptides specified

by a gene or set of genes

b. Transfer RNA

i. Read the information encoded in the messenger RNA and provide the

appropriate amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain during protein

synthesis

c. Ribosomal RNA

i. Constituents of ribosomes, the cellular machines that synthesize the

proteins

d. We will mainly focus on mRNA transcription (directs protein synthesis)

IV. Chemical differences between RNA and DNA

a. DNA

i. Phosphate group

ii. Pentose sugar

iii. ’ OH goups

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iv. Uses A, T, G, C

b. RNA

i. Phosphate group

ii. Pentose sugar

iii. ’ ad ’ OH goup

iv. Uses A, U, C, G

c. Purines

i. Double ringed structures

ii. Include A and G

d. Pyrimidines

i. Single ring structures

ii. Include C, T, U

V. Uracil belongs in RNA

a. DNA is long lasting

b. RNA is short lived

c. Usig uail i RNA is heape fo RNAs eause it is stutuall siple

than thymine (takes less energy to make)

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Document Summary

Bio 99 part 2: lecture #1: transcription, the process by which genetic information represented by a sequence of dna nucleotides is copied into newly synthesized molecules of rna, with the dna serving as a template. Chemical differences between rna and dna: dna, phosphate group, pentose sugar, (cid:1007)" oh g(cid:396)oups. 6: transcription is cells and viruses are catalyzed by specific enzymes called rna polymerases, transcription has initiation, elongation, and termination, rna transcription polymerases, dna dependent rna polymerases require mg2+ and all four rntps (atp, gtp, General information about the process: transcription selectively copies parts of the dna genome into rnas, transcription begins at the promote. Transcription steps: initiation, rna polymerase binds to a promoter and locally melts open dna (approx. 17 base pairs long transcription bubble: this enables rna polymerase to access the template strand. Over view of transcription: transcriptional regulation is a central mechanism for control of gene expression.

Related Questions

1) What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand in DNA replication? Place the following steps of DNA replication in right chronological order.

1. Primase adds an ribonucleotide primer
2. Initiator proteins bind the origin of replication and helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary bases of double stranded template DNA
3. DNA polymerase III extends by complementary base pairing deoxyribonucleotides to the template strands
4. Ligase phosphodiester bonds the nucleotides to connect okazaki fragments nad connect fragments at the origin and where the "crotches or forks" collide
5. DNA polymerase I removes RNA primer and replaces with Deoxyribonucleotides

2) Given the template DNA and primer sequences below, what bases will be added to the primer as DNA replication proceeds? (The bases should appear in the order that they will be added)

5'-GTCGTCTCCCTTTTTAAAAACCCCCCC-3'
5'-UUUUUAAAAAGGG-3'

3) Given the DNA sequence below, what could be a primer sequence used in its replication?
5'-CGTACGGCCCCAAAATTGCTACTCTGCTG-3'

raspberryleopard304

During transcription in eukaryotes, a type of RNA polymerase called RNA polymerase II moves along the template strand of the DNA in the 3'â5' direction. However, for any given gene, either strand of the double-stranded DNA may function as the template strand. Which of the following initially determines which DNA strand is the template strand, and therefore in which direction RNA polymerase II moves along the DNA?

A. the location of specific proteins (transcription factors) that bind to the DNA

B. the specific sequence of bases along the DNA strands

C. the location along the chromosome where the double-stranded DNA unwinds

D. the position of the geneâs promoter on the chromosome

E. which of the two strands of DNA carries the RNA primer

Place the following steps of DNA replication in right chronological order.
1. Primase adds an ribonucleotide primer
2. Initiator proteins bind the origin of replication and helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary bases of double stranded template DNA
3. DNA polymerase III extends by complementary base pairing deoxyribonucleotides to the template strands
4. Ligase phosphodiester bonds the nucleotides to connect okazaki fragments nad connect fragments at the origin and where the "crotches or forks" collide
5. DNA polymerase I removes RNA primer and replaces with Deoxyribonucleotides

plumsardine151

BIO SCI 99 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Base Pair, Dna Supercoil, Regulatory Sequence

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