PHILOS 2 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Ad Hominem, Soundness, Logical Consequence
Document Summary
Philos 2 lecture 1/syllabus the nature of arguments. Paradoxes and arguments: paradox: apparently unacceptable conclusion derived by apparently acceptable reasoning from apparently acceptable premises (an assertion or proposition; a claim) Deductive and inductive arguments: deductive argument: truth of premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion. >deductive arguments make what we already know more explicit; does not further our knowledge. Inductive: truth of premises supports the conclusion, but does not guarantee the truth. >inductive arguments have the ability to expand our knowledge: example of inductive, most people who live in echo park are hipsters, carl lives in echo park, carl is a hipster. The conclusion is more likely, but it does not make it automatically true. >validity: if premises are true then conclusion has to be true, as well. >soundness: valid and all premises are true> conclusion must be true: example, kanye is a genius, all geniuses are philosophers, therefore, kanye is a philosopher.
