PSYCH 7A Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Classical Conditioning, Explicit Memory, Procedural Memory
29 Jun 2018
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PSYCH 7A - Lecture 12 - Memory (cont.)
Serial Position Effect
●occurs when you learn a list of items
●immediately after learning list, you remember the first and last items better than the
middle items
●after a delay (say, an hour or a day) your recall is best for the FIRST items
What We Encode
●We can encode different aspects of a stimulus:
○by encoding its meaning
○by encoding its image
○by encoding its sound
Encoding Meaning
●When kind of encoding is most effective?
●Craik and Tulving (1975)
○compared 3 types of encoding for effectiveness in processing verbal information
(visual, acoustic, & semantic encoding)
○ask subject a question about the word they are about to see, one that requires
them to process the word visually, acoustically, or semantically
○findings: semantic encoding (encoding MEANING) led more people to later
recognize words
●Deep processing – processing a word by its meaning
●Shallow processing – processing a word by its appearance or sound
Visual Encoding
●We remember concrete words that we can visualize better than we remember abstract,
low-imagery words
●High-imagery words – flower, guitar
●Low-imagery words – trust, aptitude
●Mnemonic devices – memory techniques that use visual imagery and organization
Retrieval Cues
●When encoding a piece of information, you associate it with other bits of information.
●These other bits of information are like HINTS about the target information that act as
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Psych 7a - lecture 12 - memory (cont. ) Occurs when you learn a list of items. Immediately after learning list, you remember the first and last items better than the middle items. After a delay (say, an hour or a day) your recall is best for the first items. We can encode different aspects of a stimulus: Compared 3 types of encoding for effectiveness in processing verbal information (visual, acoustic, & semantic encoding) Ask subject a question about the word they are about to see, one that requires them to process the word visually, acoustically, or semantically. Findings: semantic encoding (encoding meaning) led more people to later recognize words. Deep processing processing a word by its meaning. Shallow processing processing a word by its appearance or sound. We remember concrete words that we can visualize better than we remember abstract, low-imagery words. Mnemonic devices memory techniques that use visual imagery and organization.
