PSYC 144 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Visual Short-Term Memory, Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory
Psyc 144 Memory and Amnesia
Final : cumulative in lecture but not in final
Lecture 1
1/8/2018
OVERVIEW
What is memory?
- Video: Clive Wearing (moment to moment consciousness)
Memory Organizational Chart
- “esor>short>log>Proedural/delaratie…
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
- Late 1960
- Focus on sensory>short>long
Brain areas
- Temporal lobe
- Hippocampus
Sensory memory related brain regions
- Different region to different stimulus
o Occipital lobe: vision
o Olfactory: smell
o Etc.
Short term memory and brain
- You have to rehearsal for short term memory
Long term
- You can retrieve
- Mean you have stopped rehearsing but you can still retrieve (rmb) it
- Need hippocampus
➢ Theres no one place where the memory is stored
➢ It is stored in the place where the area(region of the brain)is activated
➢ Memory is the reactivation of the region of the brain is stimulated
SENSORY MEMORY
➢ “perlig’s Ioi Meor Eperiet
- Study sensory memory
- Letters faded quickly
- He wondered what if your brain capture all of the letters as an icon (photographic of
letters)
- He asked for high/medium/low tone
- And found that you can perfectly recall the whole row = when you have photographic
iconic images in your brain you can recall the letters
- Also found if you waited for a sec before you sound the tone, the image faded
- Partial (rows) and whole(the whole thing) report
- You have photographic iconic memory lasts for a split second
➢ Unlimited capacity
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
➢ The capacity of short term memory is 7+/or – 2 items
➢ If you rehearsal enough it turns into long term memory
LONG TERM MEMORY
➢ Unlimited capacity
Primacy effect:
- The beginning of the list (Long-term)
- The more you rehearse the more you can get into long term memory
Recency effect:
- The last of the list (short-term)
➢ Rehearsal and the primacy effect
- Overt Rehearsal
o Rehearse out loud
o First few items receive the most rehearsal
o The first few more likely to turn into long term memory
- Incidental learning
o You do’t tell the sujet it’s a eor test ad theres o rehearsal
o surprise eor test
o no primacy effect but still has a little recency effect
- Speeded Lists
o No time to rehearsal and can reduce the primacy effect
o Diminished the opportunity to rehearse
- Amnesia
o Cat get iforatio ito our log ter eor does’t atter if ou rehearsal
or not
o Reduced primacy effect
- The Conclusion : On PPT
➢ STM And the Recency effect
- Immediate vs. Delayed Recall
o If no distractor = have strong recency effect
o If 15 s distractor = no recently effect
- Final Free Recall test
o Ask the subject to Recall all of the list > needa go to the long term memory
o Least likel to reall the last ite o the list oz ou did’t rehearsal
o Have the negative recency effect
- Conclusion on PPT
➢ Craik and Watkins (1973)
- Ask to do the Last few get rehearse the most
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
- Ask to rehearse the last four words
- Show immediate recall for the last four words
- But at the end of days those words were not in long term memory
➢ How us info
- Original view: the more you review the more you can store in long term
- Subsequent: memory is byproduct, more about understanding/ organizing than
memorizing
➢ Craik and Tulving (1975)
- Incidental memory task
- Manipulated depth of processing for a list of words (I.e. the chart on ppt
o Shallow (surface ya); intermediate (sound of the word); Deep (the meaning of the
word)
- Found ppl rmb way more of words that need semantic processing than shallow and
intermediate processing
➢ How is info encoded in Long term memory
- Original view
- Subsequent View
STM::
Rehearsal now called > Maintenance Rehearsal
➢ Cowan (2001) The magical # 4 in STM
- Said overestimate the capacity of STM
o Chunks
- When not chunking is it a better strategy for STM
- Capacity is lower than 7 +/- 2 ; probably 4
➢ Baddele’s orkig eor odel
- Working Memory
o Dual task methodology
▪ 2 tasks at once
o Common results
▪ Visual tasks and verbal tasks
o Implications
▪ Articulatory loop
➢ Brooks Matrix Task
- One way to test Visual short term memory tasks
- Holding image in your brain
➢ The Visuospatial Sketchpad
- Pursuit rotor task with the brook matrix (visual) or nonsense syllable (Verbal)
- The pursuit rotor task influences the spatial task but not the verbal task
➢ Phonological loop
- Responsible for maintenance rehearsal
- Ppt
➢ Working Memory Capacity:
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Final : cumulative in lecture but not in final. Video: clive wearing (moment to moment consciousness) Different region to different stimulus: occipital lobe: vision, olfactory: smell, etc. You have to rehearsal for short term memory. Mean you have stopped rehearsing but you can still retrieve (rmb) it. Theres no one place where the memory is stored. It is stored in the place where the area(region of the brain)is activated. Memory is the reactivation of the region of the brain is stimulated. He wondered what if your brain capture all of the letters as an icon (photographic of letters) And found that you can perfectly recall the whole row = when you have photographic iconic images in your brain you can recall the letters. Also found if you waited for a sec before you sound the tone, the image faded. Partial (rows) and whole(the whole thing) report. You have photographic iconic memory lasts for a split second.
