PSY 3303 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Cerebral Cortex, Electra Complex, Fallacy
Classical conditioning: form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral
stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): stimulus that elicits an automatic response
- Conditioned stimulus (CS): initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to
association with UCS
- Unconditioned response (UCR): automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that doesn’t
need to be learned
- Conditioned response (CR): Response previously associated with non-neutral stimulus that is
elicited by neutral stimulus through conditioning
Acquisition: We gradually learn/ acquire the CR. Repeated pairing of UCS and CS increasing the CR’s
strength
Extinction: The CR decreases and eventually disappears when the CS is repeatedly presented without
the UCS.
Spontaneous recovery: A seemingly extinct CR reappears if we present the CS again
Stimulus generalization: CS’s that are similar but not identical to the original CS elicit a CR
Higher order conditioning: process by which organisms develop classically conditioned responses to
CS’s that later become associated with the original CS.
Operant Conditioning: learning controlled by the consequences of an animal’s behaviour
Differences between Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Target behaviour is…
Elicited automatically
Emitted voluntarily
Reward is…
Provided unconditionally
Dependant on behaviour
Behaviour depends on…
Autonomic nervous system
Skeletal muscles
Thorndike’s law of effect: If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state
of affairs, the bond between stimulus and response is strengthened. (SKINNER and his ratbox)
Reinforcement: Any outcome which strengthens the probability of a response
- Positive reinforcement: when we administer a stimulus
- Negative reinforcement: When we take away a stimulus
Punishment: any outcome that weakens the probability of a response
- Positive punishment: Administering a stimulus that the organism wishes to avoid (spanking)
- Negative punishment: Removing a stimulus that the organism wishes to experience (Toy)
Fixed Ratio (FR) schedule: Pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of
responses
Fixed Interval (FI) schedule: Pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response
at least once following a specified time interval
Variable Ratio (VR) schedule: pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of
responses on average with the number varying randomly
Variable Interval (VI) schedule: pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the
response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly
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Radical behaviourism: observable behaviour, thinking and emotion are all governed by the same
laws of learning, classic/operant conditioning.
Latent learning: learning that is not directly observable
Observational learning: Learning by watching others
Biological Psychology:
Dendrites: branchlike extensions for receiving information from other neurons
Synapse: Neurotransmitters enter the synapse which is the fluid space between neurons
Glial cells: cells in nervous system that play a role in the formation of myelin, enhances learning and
memory etc…
Myelin sheath: glial cells wrapped around axons that act as insulators to speed impulse transmission
Action potential: electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of
neurotransmitters
Plasticity: the nervous system’s ability to change
Neurogenesis: creation of new neurons in the adult brain
Central nervous system (CNS): part of nervous system containing brain and spinal cord which
controls mind and behaviour
Peripheral Nervous system (PNS): nerves in the body that extend outside CNS
Frontal lobe: forward part of cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, memory and
planning
Motor cortex: part of frontal lobe responsible for body movement
Prefrontal cortex: part of frontal love responsible for thinking, planning, and language
Broca’s area: language area in prefrontal cortex that helps control speech production
Parietal lobe: upper middle part of cerebral cortex for touch and perception
Temporal lobe: lower part of cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language and
memory
Wernicke’s area: part of temporal lobe involved in understanding speech
Occipital lobe: back part of cerebral cortex for vision
Hippocampus: part of brain that plays a role in spatial memory
Somatic nervous system: carries messages from CNS to muscles throughout the body, controlling
movement.
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Document Summary
Classical conditioning: form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response. Unconditioned stimulus (ucs): stimulus that elicits an automatic response. Conditioned stimulus (cs): initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with ucs. Unconditioned response (ucr): automatic response to a non-(cid:374)eut(cid:396)al sti(cid:373)ulus that does(cid:374)"t need to be learned. Conditioned response (cr): response previously associated with non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by neutral stimulus through conditioning. Repeated pai(cid:396)i(cid:374)g of ucs a(cid:374)d cs i(cid:374)(cid:272)(cid:396)easi(cid:374)g the cr"s strength. Extinction: the cr decreases and eventually disappears when the cs is repeatedly presented without the ucs. Spontaneous recovery: a seemingly extinct cr reappears if we present the cs again. Stimulus generalization: cs"s that a(cid:396)e si(cid:373)ila(cid:396) (cid:271)ut (cid:374)ot ide(cid:374)ti(cid:272)al to the o(cid:396)igi(cid:374)al cs eli(cid:272)it a cr. Higher order conditioning: process by which organisms develop classically conditioned responses to.
