BIOS 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Carl Linnaeus, Covalent Bond, Chemical Polarity

Project 1: Primate Behavioral Observation

This assignment consists of two parts: (1) a taxonomic survey of primates and (2) a brief comparative study of two species based on behavioral observations. You are free to talk with other students, but your completed assignment must be based on your own work. Your completed assignment must be typed. Most species on display at the zoos have inside areas and may be out of view at times. Your observations should be based on visible animals. If animals are out of view, choose a different video link. Also note that these are live cameras; you should therefore do your observations during daylight hours, as you will not be able to see the animals at night.

PART I—Primate Species Survey

Prepare a taxonomic list of the seven primates listed below. For each species indicate the scientific name (genus and species), and the taxonomic placement (see example below). Remember that scientific species names must be underlined or italicized (e.g., Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens).

Sample Entry:

Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)

Sub-Order: Anthropoidea

Infra-Order: Catarrhini

Super-Family: Hominoidea

Family: Pongidae

Prepare taxonomic entries for the following species:

Angolan Colobus monkey

Black and White Ruffed Lemur

Black-handed spider monkey

White-cheeked Gibbon

Goldon-bellied Mangabey

Goldon Lion Tamarin

Bonobo

PART II—The Behavioral Profile: A Comparative Study

Assignment Overview: For this part of the assignment, you are asked to compare the activity budgets of two species of primate based on data collected during your observation. An activity budget is a general summary of how a species spends its time each day.

You will need to select two species—one Catarrhine (excluding humans) and one Platyrrhine or Prosimii—and conduct a 30 minute observation on each species using the attached data sheets. You will then need to write a summary report of your findings including a brief overview of the two species you have chosen. The comparative study is composed of the following three parts:

Use the following links to primate web-cams to complete your observations for Part 2:

http://zoo.sandiegozoo.org/cams/ape-cam

http://www.edinburghzoo.org.uk/webcams/squirrel-monkey-cam/

http://www.houstonzoo.org/meet-the-animals/chimpanzee-window-cam/

NOTE: This lab assignment has questions related to binomial nomenclature. Please note that the assessment system does not accept formatted text, so you will need to indicate any italicized words by adding “IT” in parentheses after each word that is to be written in italics, (IT). For example, the common fruit fly is genus Drosphila and species melanogaster. When written, it is Drosophila melanogaster. From this example, the correct way to represent the italicized words is by typing, Drosphila (IT) melanogaster (IT).

Record the classes for each of the following arthropods, as determined from the dichotomous key (16 points): Organism 1 (Spider) Organism 2 (Bee) Organism 3 (Beetle) Organism 4 (Blue crab) Organism 5 (Crayfish) Organism 6 (Tick) Organism 7 (Fiddler crab) Organism 8 (Centipede) Organism 9 (Shrimp) Organism 10 (Millipede) Organism 11 (Wasp) Organism 12 (Grasshopper) Organism 13 (Horseshoe Crab) Organism 14 (Mole Crab) Organism 15 (Scorpion) Organism 16 (Squilla) Provide the family name for each shark based on the use of the dichotomous key provided (14 points): Shark 1 Shark 2 Shark 3 Shark 4 Shark 5 Shark 6 Shark 7 Shark 8 Shark 9 Shark 10 Shark 11 Shark 12 Shark 13 Shark 14 Submit the dichotomous key for the "imaginary" animals. (10 points) When might a prepared key be used to identify biological organisms? (5 points) Why are there only two choices for each step in the dichotomous key? (3 points) Why are observation skills important when working with dichotomous keys? (5 points) List the domain, kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, order, family, genus, and species of humans. (9 points) domain kingdom phylum subphylum class order family genus species What is the scientific name for humans? (4 points) It is estimated that there are more than 1 million species of insects on this planet. Based on this and information gained from this laboratory, what phylum most likely comprises over 90% of the Earth's species? Briefly justify your answer. (4 points) Scorpions and spiders both belong to the same class called Arachnida. Birds and fish both belong to the phylum Chordata. Which two organisms are more closely related? Explain why. (5 points) Using the evolutionary distances from the protein sequences activity (Step 4 of the procedures), fill in the diagram below. The letters should correspond with the sequence numbers (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5). (5 points) A B C D E

Of the following sets of species, state which species definition (morphological, phylogenetic, or biological) best applies

a. Species boundaries in many tiny organisms, such as Oligotrich ciliates that live in the ocean, are determined using features that are visible under a light microscope.

b. Two wild relatives of lettuce, Lactuca canadensis and Lactuca graminifolia, produce flowers at different times – L. canadensisflowers in summer and L. graminifolia flowers in early spring.

c. As their names suggest, spring field crickets (Gryllus veletis) mature and become reproductively active in the spring, while fall field crickets (Gryllus pennsylvanicus) mature and reproduce in the fall.

d. Several closely-related (and very similar-looking) species of fungus in the genus Wallemia were identified using an evolutionary tree based on DNA sequences from several genes.

e. The breeding season for the red-legged frog (Rana aurora) occurs between January and March, while the breeding season of its close relative (Rana boylii) lasts from March through May.

f. Analysis of evolutionary relationships among several species of crayfish in the genus Pacifastacus were used to distinguish species from one another, and to identify species of possible conservation concern.