CHEM 112 Lecture Notes - Lecture 30: Spontaneous Process, Calcium Nitrate, Spiegel Online
12 Apr 2016
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Chem112 lecture 30 introduction to thermodynamics. Solubility, ion separation, and qualitative analysis: a solution contains 1. 27 x 10-2 m calcium nitrate and 1. 25 x 10-2 m barium acetate. Solid ammonium fluoride is added to this mixture. What is the concentration of calcium ion when fluoride begins to precipitate: first, use [ba2+] to find [f-] at ksp. In part two, we are going to use the [f-] to calculate [ca2+] when baf2 starts to precipitate. [ca2+] = ksp/[f-]2 = 3. 9 x 10-11 / (0. 0117)2. Thermodynamics: entropy and free energy: a spontaneous process is one that takes place without constant external assistance, a spontaneous change will only occur in the direction that establish equilibrium, never the opposite. In general, most spontaneous reactions are exothermic: but many spontaneous reactions or processes are endothermic or even have no net enthalpy change, or in thermodynamic language, h = is not equal to 0.
