BIOL 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Corpus Luteum, Menstrual Cycle

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puceraven738

20 May 2018

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What is a hormone?

● Chemical messenger

● Made in one region of the body but affects a different part of the body

o Produced in endocrine (ductless) glands

▪ Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovary, testis

o Carried by the circulatory system (blood)

o Affects target organs/cells

▪ Cells possess receptors specific for hormones

Female reproductive cycle

● Ovarian cycle

o Follicle development and egg (ovum) formation

● Menstrual cycle

o Prepares uterus for possible pregnancy

o Typically 28 days

o Menstruation

▪ Shedding of uterine lining

Ovarian cycle ( look it up on the internet)

● Hypothalamus

o Releasing hormone

● Pituitary gland

o Follicle stimulating hormone

▪ FSH

o Luteinizing hormone—LH

▪ Follicle rupture

▪ Ovulation (typically day 14)

Menstrual cycle

● Synchronized with ovarian cycle

● Follicle develops (FSH) and produces Estrogen

o Uterine lining thickens

● Ovulation (FSH and LH)

o Folliclecorpus luteum

o Produces Estrogen and Progesterone

o Uterine lining maintained

● If fertilization does not take place

o Estrogen and Progesterone decreases

o Menstruation

If fertilization takes place

● Embryo implantsuterine lining

● Embryo secretes HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

● Corpus luteum remains active

o Estrogen and progesterone

▪ Inhibits GSH and LH production

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Document Summary

Ovarian cycle: follicle development and egg (ovum) formation. Menstrual cycle: prepares uterus for possible pregnancy, typically 28 days, menstruation. Ovarian cycle ( look it up on the internet) Follicle develops (fsh) and produces estrogen: uterine lining thickens. Ovulation (fsh and lh: follicle corpus luteum, produces estrogen and progesterone, uterine lining maintained. If fertilization does not take place: estrogen and progesterone decreases, menstruation. Corpus luteum remains active: estrogen and progesterone. Inhibits gsh and lh production: supports pregnancy until placenta established. Birth control pill, patch, vaginal ring, implant: small dose of estrogen and progesterone. Inhibits releasing hormone from hypothalamus: pituitary gland does not produce gsh and lh, mimics pregnancy. Preventing egg and sperm union: abstinence and natural family planning, barriers (condom and/or diaphragm with spermicide, sterilization. Plan b (morning after pill: levonorgestrel, use within 72 hours, prevents pregnancy. Inhibits ovulation: will not terminate existing pregnancy, not for routine use. Pregnancy termination: surgical abortion, ru-486, mifepristone.

Related Questions

1. The site of implantation of a fertilized ovum is

A.The uterus

B..	The ovaries

C.	The vag ina

D.	The cervix

2. Which statement correctly describes the secretory phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle?

A.	Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates proliferation of the endometrium

B.	During this phase, the endometrium detaches and sheds

C.	Progesterone stimulates the endometrium to prepare for implantation

D.	Decreased progesterone levels cause the endometrial cells to die

Which events in the monthly female reproductive cycle occur simultaneously?

A. Menstruation and the estrogen surge

B.	Endometrial proliferation and development of the vesicular follicle

C.	Degeneration of the corpus luteum and increased LH and FSH secretion

D.	The secretory phase in the uterus and decreased progesterone levels

Please give some explanations, thanks.

Terms: 1, 14, 28, corpus luteum, estradiol, follicular,GnRH, inhibitory, LH surge, luteal, ovulatory, progesterone,regresses, stimulatory

The ovarian cycle refers to the recurrent, cyclic changes inhormone secretion and follicle/oocyte development that occurroughly every 28 days in the 'typical' woman. The ovarian cycle canbroadly be divided into 3 sequential phases, the first, or_____________ phase which precedes or comes before release of theegg, the middle or ____________ phase during which the egg isactually released, and the final or _______________ phase whichcomes after the egg is released and lasts until the next cyclebegins.

Day 1 of the follicular phase marks the beginning of a newcycle. During the follicular phase, as the name implies, a 'cohort'or small group of follicles (i.e. the structures in the ovary inwhich the oocytes are maturing) begin to grow, develop and preparetheir oocytes for release in response to FSH stimulation from theanterior pituitary. These follicles are the main hormone-secretingstructures in the ovary and the main hormone they are secreting is____________. Early in the phase, when estrogen levels are low, theestrogen exerts ____________feedback control on thehypothalamic-pituitary axis and keep GnRH, LH and FSH levelsrelatively low. Eventually, a single follicle assumes dominance,outgrows and out develops the others, and begins to secrete largerand larger amounts of estrogen. When estrogen levels becomesufficiently high, estrogen's effect at the hypothalamus becomestransiently ______________, causing increases in GnRH secretionthat trigger a mid-cycle _______________.

Right around mid-cycle or around day _________ of the 'typical'__________ day long cycle, under the influence of high levels of LHproduced by the LH surge, the wall of the dominant follicle thinsand eventually ruptures, releasing the egg. This release of the eggis termed ovulation, hence the portion of the cycle immediatelypreceding and including ovulation is termed the ovulatory phase.Another effect of LH is that it luteinizes the follicle, producingchanges in the follicle cells that enable the granulosa cells tosecrete ____________ in addition to estratiol.

The final phase of the ovarian cycle, the luteal phase, beginsimmediately after ovulation and lasts until day 1 of the nextcycle. The luteal phase is characterize by the presence andfunctioning of a _____________. This is the name for the structurethat develops from the follicle after it has lost its egg. Theremainder of the follicle involutes or falls in upon itself,becomes highly vascularized and its luteinized' cells secrete highconcentrations of progesterone in addition to estradiol. Theprogesterone exerts an overriding inhibitory effect on hypothalamic__________ secretion at this time. In the absence of pregnancy, theCL will remain highly active for ~12 days before it __________, orbegins to die off and cease its hormone-secreting activities. CLregression causes a rapid drop in the concentrations of estrogenand progesterone secretion over the next 2 days that will result inshedding of the endometrial lining of the uterus and menstruation.Day 1 of menstruation coincides with and serves as the externalindicator that day _________ of a new ovarian cycle has begun.

rubyshark46

1) Which is NOT characteristic of metabolism during theabsorptive state?

a) oxidation of about 50% of the glucose absorbed from a typicalmeal

b) conversion of glucose to glycogen in hepatocytes

c) gluconeogenesis using amino acids

d) glucose not picked up by the liver is converted intotriglycerides.

e) deamination of absorbed amino acids which enteredhepatocytes.

2) In the Krebs cycle, an oxidation-reduction reaction is likelycoupled with a substrate-level phosphorylation. True or False?

3) Glycolysis is an example of oxidative phosphorylation. trueor false?

4)Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a)In the proximal convoluted tubule, sodium ions are reabsorbedthrough the apical membrane by the Na⁺ -glucosesymporters and Na⁺ /H⁺ antiporters

b) In the loop of Henle, Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl^- Symporters reclaim sodium, potassiumand chloride from fluid in the tubule lumen.

c)In the distal convoluted tubule, sodium resorption is mainlyby osmosis

d) In the collecting duct, principle cells absorb sodium.

5) Which of the following might indicated abnormal kidneyfunction?

a)creatinine clearance less than 120-140 mL/min

b)serum creatinine less than 1.5 mg/dL (135 mmol/liter)

c) glucose in the urine

d) creatinine clearance less than 120-140 mL/min and serumcreatinine less than 1.5 mg/dL (135 mmol/liter) are bothcorrect

e)creatinine clearance less than 120-140 mL/min, serumcreatinine less than 1.5 mg/dL (135 mmol/liter), and glucose in theurine are all correct

6) ACE inhibitors can lower blood pressure because inhibitingACE

a) stops the secretion of renin

b) prevents the formation of angiotensin I

c) prevents the formation of angiotensin II

d)increases the secretion of aldosterone

e)prevents norepinephrine from binding alpha 1 receptors onblood vessels

7) Which of the following statements is TRUE?
1. Hydrogen ions are secreted by Na⁺/H⁺antiporters in the proximal tubules.
2. H⁺ATPases (proton pumps) in the collecting ductssecrete hydrogen ions.
3. Cl^-/HCO₃^- antiporters help withhydrogen ion reabsorption.

8) Which of the following is mismatched?

a)Sodium ions ï¿½ Level is controlled by aldosterone, antidiuretichormone, and atrial natriuretic.

b) Chloride ions ï¿½ Level is controlled by chloride ion leakagechannels and antiporters.

c) Potassium ions ï¿½ Level is controlled by aldosterone.

d) Bicarbonate ions ï¿½ Level is controlled mainly by kidneys.

e) Calcium ions ï¿½ Level is regulated by osmosis.

9) Which of the following statements is correct?

a) In the menstrual phase, follicle stimulating hormonestimulates development of secondary follicles in the ovaries andprostaglandins cause loss of the stratum functionalis.

b)In the preovulatory phase, secondary follicles start tosecrete estrogens and inhibin. One becomes a dominant follicle andsecretes estrogens and inhibin causing decreased FSH secretionleading to atresia of less developed follicles. In the uterus, theendometrium undergoes repair under the influence of estrogens.

c)In ovulation, release of luteinizing hormone causes release ofthe secondary oocyte.

d) In the postovulatory phase, progesterone and estrogens aresecreted by the corpus luteum promote thickening of the endometriumpreparing for implantation. If no pregnancy occurs, progesteroneand estrogen levels drop and menstruation occurs.

e) all of these statements are correct

10)The secretory phase of the uterine cycle is associatedwith

a)increased secretion of progesterone and formation of thecorpus albicans.

b)increased secretion of progesterone and formation of thecorpus luteum.

c) increased secretion of luteinizing hormone and rupture of themature follicle.

d)increased secretion of estrogen and maturation of thesecondary follicle

e) increased secretion of follicle stimulating hormone andovulation.

11) Filtered fluid leaving the glomerular capillariesIMMEDIATELY enters the

a) glormerulus

b) proximal convulted tubule

c) collecting duct

d) glomerular capsule

e) loop of henle

12)Which correctly associates structure with tissue type?

a)PCT: simple cuboidal epithelium consisting of principle cellsand intercalated cells

b)descending limb and thin ascending limb of nephron loop:simple squamous epithelial cells

c) thick ascending limb of nephron loop: simple cuboidalepithelial cells with prominent brush borders of microvilli

d) DCT: simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelial cells

e) collecting duct: stratified cuboidal epithelial cells

13) Regulation of the volume and osmolarity of body fluidsoccurs first in the

a) proximal convoluted tubules.

b) distal convoluted tubules.

c) loop of Henle.

d) glomerular capsule.

e) collecting ducts.

14) Which is NOT True about podocytes?

a) their pedicels form filtration slits

b) they make up the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule

c) they are modified simple squamous epithelial cells

d)all of these choices statements about podocytes are true

15) In the process of forming concentrated urine, symporters inthe loop of Henle cause sodium ions and chloride ions to build upin the renal medulla helping to form the osmotic gradient. ADHincreases reabsorption of water by principal cells in thecollecting ducts.

True or False?

viridianmallard359

BIOL 102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 19: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Corpus Luteum, Menstrual Cycle

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