BIO 352 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Sister Chromatids, Nuclear Membrane, Prometaphase

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20 Jun 2018

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Cell Cycle

Interphase

oS Phase

Synthesis, once the decision to divide has been made, all genetic

information in the cell is replicated/duplicated

oG2 Phase

Preparing/creating components for cell division

oNon dividing cell

Mitosis

oProphase

Chromosome coil up and condense, centrioles divide and move apart

oPrometaphase

Chromosomes are clearly double structures; centrioles reach the opposite

poles; spindle fiber forms

oMetaphase

Centromeres align on metaphase plate

Nuclear envelope completely dissolved

Chromosomes, all 4, 2 homologous pairs, aligning independently at

metaphase plate

oAnaphase

Centromeres split and daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles

Sister chromatids separate

oTelophase

Daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles; cytokinesis commences

Spindle apparatus break down

Independent event; cytokinesis

G1

G0

oNever divide again



1 Chromosome, 2 sister chromatids

oSister chromatids identical

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Document Summary

Synthesis, once the decision to divide has been made, all genetic information in the cell is replicated/duplicated: g2 phase. Preparing/creating components for cell division: non dividing cell. Chromosome coil up and condense, centrioles divide and move apart: prometaphase. Chromosomes are clearly double structures; centrioles reach the opposite poles; spindle fiber forms: metaphase. Chromosomes, all 4, 2 homologous pairs, aligning independently at metaphase plate: anaphase. Centromeres split and daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles. Daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles; cytokinesis commences. 1 chromosome, 2 sister chromatids: sister chromatids identical o. Body is built from cells generated through many rounds of meiosis. Homologous chromosomes will pair up in meiosis ; prophase 1 (unique) Prophase 1; leptonema: chromosomes begin to condense as meiosis begins. Prophase 1; zygonema: centrioles being to move to polar positions, homologs separate. Prophase 1; pachynema: tetrad (first become visible) consists of two homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids. Look like a group of 4 during alignment.

Related Questions

Question 3 (5 points)

Match the terms to the definitions provided.

Question 3 options:

	telophase II
	meiosis II
	telophase I
	anaphase I
	anaphase II

1.	Division, beginning without DNA replication, that resembles and produces four haploid cell.s
2.	Phase of meiosis when chiasmata are broken as spindle fibers shorten and homologous pairs are pulled apart.
3.	Phase of meiosis when sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cells.
4.	Phase of meiosis in which homologues cluster at the poles of the cells and the nuclear envelope reforms.
5.	Phase of meiosis in which four different haploid cells are present.

Question 4 (7 points)

Match the terms to the definitions provided.

Question 4 options:

	G0
	telophase
	G2
	mitosis
	cytokinesis
	cell cycle
	S

1.	The phase in which the cell synthesizes a replica of its genome
2.	The overall process of genome duplication
3.	The phase in the cell cycle during which mitochondria and other organelles replicate.
4.	The phase in mitosis when chromosomes are clustered at opposite poles and the spindle apparatus disappears
5.	A resting state that cells often enter before resuming cell division.
6.	The phase in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides creating two daughter cells.
7.	The phase in the cell cycle in which the spindle apparatus assembles and sister chromatids move apart.

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Question 5 (6 points)

Put the events of a MAP kinase cascade in the correct order.

Question 5 options:

	MAPKKK phosphorylates and activates another kinase
	MAPKK phosphorylates and activates MAPK
	Binding of MAPKKK to Ras
	External signal binds to membrane receptor and activates receptor kinase.
	MAPK phosphorylates an inactive response protein and activates it.
	Phosphorylation of receptor kinase and interaction with RAS

1)What experiment was performed that allowed for scientists to finally agree that DNA is the genetic material within living organisms?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

2)What group of experiments led to the discovery of the mechanism used in DNA replication?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

i.What is a cesium chloride gradient?

ii.Where do 14N and 15N respectively fall along this gradient?

b.The results revealed that DNA replicates using which of the three proposed models?

i. Describe the mechanism of each model.

3)What is the role of the following proteins in DNA replication?

a.Helicase

b.Single strand binding proteins

c.Topoisomerase

d.DNA polymerase III

e.DNA polymerase I

f.Primase

g.Ligase

4)What extra steps are taken to be sure the lagging strand does not shorten each time DNA is replicated?

a.What is the role of telomerase in these âstepsâ?

5)In DNA repair, which enzyme has âproof-readingâ capabilities?

1)Which type of cells within our bodies use mitosis to reproduce?

2)Does mitosis create a cell that is different or the same as the parent cell undergoing division?

3)Describe the DNA found in sister chromatids.

4)Describe the DNA found in homologous chromosomes.

5)What occurs during the following stages of the cell cycle?

a.G₁ Phase

b.S Phase

c.G₂ Phase

d.M Phase

What are the phases of mitosis? What events occur in each phase?

1)Does mitosis separate homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, or both?

2)What is cytokinesis?

a.Which fibers of the cytoskeleton contract to pinch parent and daughter cells apart from one another in animals?

b.How do microtubules move chromosomes to the two poles of a dividing cell?

3)How are centrioles involved in this process?

a.How do plants form two complete cells during cytokinesis?

4)How do bacterial cells reproduce?

5)The cell cycle is controlled at âcheckpointsâ. What occurs at each of the following checkpoints?

a.G₁ Checkpoint

b.G₂ Checkpoint

c.M Checkpoint

6)How do cyclin and cdk act to control the G2 checkpoint?

7)If presented with the schematic of the M checkpoint, you should be able to explain perturbations to the system as well as if the cell will divide or stall at metaphase.

8)Cancerous cells form when the cell cycle checkpoints do not function correctly and continues to divide even though it is damaged in some way. How does the protein p53 function to keep these cells from dividing?

9)Normal cells follow certain rules of growth that cancerous cells do not follow. What are these rules (provide a short definition for each as well)?

10)What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

indigohedgehog242

1)What are the inputs of photosynthesis?

2)What are the outputs of photosynthesis?

3)Light-Dependent Reactions

Where does the first stage of photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions, occur within a chloroplast?

Where does the energy come from that drives these reactions?

What molecule donates an electron to the reaction center of photosystem II?

How is the energy of an electron changed as it moves along the ETC?

How does the electrical charge of the thylakoid membrane affect protons (H+) within the chloroplast?

Where does the electron that is donated to photosystem I come from?

What are the final products of this series of reactions?

What happens to each of the final products from this series of reactions?

4)Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

a.Where does the second stage of photosynthesis, the Calvin Cycle, occur within a chloroplast?

b.What are the direct inputs for these reactions?

c.What are the three steps to the Calvin cycle?

d.What are the final products of this reaction?

e.What role does rubisco play in the Calvin Cycle?

1)What experiment was performed that allowed for scientists to finally agree that DNA is the genetic material within living organisms?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

2)What group of experiments led to the discovery of the mechanism used in DNA replication?

a.Understand the materials and scientific techniques used to come to this result.

i.What is a cesium chloride gradient?

ii.Where do 14N and 15N respectively fall along this gradient?

b.The results revealed that DNA replicates using which of the three proposed models?

i. Describe the mechanism of each model.

3)What is the role of the following proteins in DNA replication?

a.Helicase

b.Single strand binding proteins

c.Topoisomerase

d.DNA polymerase III

e.DNA polymerase I

f.Primase

g.Ligase

4)What extra steps are taken to be sure the lagging strand does not shorten each time DNA is replicated?

a.What is the role of telomerase in these âstepsâ?

5)In DNA repair, which enzyme has âproof-readingâ capabilities?

1)Which type of cells within our bodies use mitosis to reproduce?

2)Does mitosis create a cell that is different or the same as the parent cell undergoing division?

3)Describe the DNA found in sister chromatids.

4)Describe the DNA found in homologous chromosomes.

5)What occurs during the following stages of the cell cycle?

a.G₁ Phase

b.S Phase

c.G₂ Phase

d.M Phase

What are the phases of mitosis? What events occur in each phase?

1)Does mitosis separate homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids, or both?

2)What is cytokinesis?

a.Which fibers of the cytoskeleton contract to pinch parent and daughter cells apart from one another in animals?

b.How do microtubules move chromosomes to the two poles of a dividing cell?

3)How are centrioles involved in this process?

a.How do plants form two complete cells during cytokinesis?

4)How do bacterial cells reproduce?

5)The cell cycle is controlled at âcheckpointsâ. What occurs at each of the following checkpoints?

a.G₁ Checkpoint

b.G₂ Checkpoint

c.M Checkpoint

6)How do cyclin and cdk act to control the G2 checkpoint?

7)If presented with the schematic of the M checkpoint, you should be able to explain perturbations to the system as well as if the cell will divide or stall at metaphase.

9)Normal cells follow certain rules of growth that cancerous cells do not follow. What are these rules (provide a short definition for each as well)?

10)What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

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BIO 352 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Sister Chromatids, Nuclear Membrane, Prometaphase

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