BIO 353 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Golgi Apparatus, Cytogenetics, Population Genetics
• Genetics; Branch of biology concerned with the study of genes and their variation
• Gene; Unit factor of heredity
o Physical entity in cells that is responsible for the transmission of traits from one
generation to another (Heredity)
Divisions of Genetics
1. Transmission Genetics
a. Qualitative
b. Quantitative
2. Cytogenetics
3. Molecular/Biochemical Genetics
4. Population Genetics
• Insulin, world's first genetically engineered drug product
o Applying recombinant DNA technology, used gene from human responsible for
producing insulin.
• Using a gene that produces a growth hormone, were able to increase the growth of
aquacultural grown salmon
2 main types of cells
• Prokaryotic
o Bacteria, Archaea
o Carry a single, circular chromosome consisting of essentially naked DNA
o Single DNA described as a bacterial chromosome
▪ Minimal proteins associated with it
• Eukaryotic
o Protists, plants, fungi, animals
o Nucleus
▪ Found in eukaryotes
▪ Membrane bound compartment
▪ Houses genetic material, DNA
▪ DNA: complex array of acidic and basic proteins into thin fibers
▪ Wherever the chromosome resides in the cytoplasm, referred to as the
nucleoid region
o 2 or more chromosomes (# varies per organisms) localized within nucleus of the
cell
o In Addition to ribosomes, you find many other structures (Mitochondria, Golgi
apparatus, E.R) which provide unique functions.
o Unique plant structure; chloroplasts
o
All cells share common features
• Plasma Membrane
• DNA
• Ribosomes
o Responsible for protein production in the cell
• Chromosome- structure within a cell that carries genetic information
• Genome- complete collection of all the chromosome of an organism. Consequently, the
complete complement of all the genes carried by an individual
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