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BIOL 2100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Nuclear Membrane, Golgi Apparatus, Cell Membrane

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School
University of Virginia
Department
Biology
Course
BIOL 2100
Professor
Kittlesen David

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Document Summary

6. 2: eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions. Two distinct types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic: prokaryotic= organisms of domains bacteria and archaea, eukaryotic= protists, fungi, animals, and plants. In eukaryotic cell- most of the dna is in an organelle called the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane. Consists of a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids with various proteins attached to or embedded in it. Hydrophobic parts of phospholipids and membrane proteins are found in interior of membrane and hydrophilic parts are in contact with aqueous solutions on either side. Carbohydrate side chains may be attached to proteins or lipids on outer surface of plasma membrane. Flagellum- composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of plasma membrane. Endoplasmic reticulum- network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; rough and smooth. Nuclear envelope- double membrane enclosing nucleus; perforated by pores; continuous with er.

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Related Questions

Can you guys please help me fix this

Instructions: Review the content in Chapter 3 of the textbook and prepare a table or diagram that compares the components and characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Be sure to include both (1)similarities- characteristics in common and (2) differences- characteristics unique to each cell type.

My project:

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Similarities between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic :

- Both are made of cells.

- Cell is covered by a lipid bilayer membrane

- Both reproduce and multiply for grows

- Their genetic material is either DND or RNA

Differences:

Prokaryote eukaryote

absent

nucleus

present

smaller

ribosome

larger

Fold and condense prokaryotic dna

dna

Wrap their dna around proteins called histones

absent

Membrane bound organelle

present

absent

chloroplast

present

Absent

mitochondria

present

My teachers notes :

Both cell types have cytoplasm.

Be specific and include a list of membrane bound organelles in eukaryotic cells.

Please answer the following three essay questions.

  1. All living cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have thefollowing cell structures: plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, andat least one chromosome. Choose any one of these. Describe itsbasic structure (including molecular composition) as well as thefunction. Explain why a cell could not exist without thefunction(s) performed by this cell structure.
  2. Cells can be categorized as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.Only bacterial cells are prokaryotic. For question two, answer anyone of the following comparison questions. Be sure to compare bothmolecular (physical) structure and function in each answer.
    1. Compare the nucleoid area (prokaryotic) to a nucleus(eukaryotic)? How do they differ; how are they similar?
    2. Compare the bacterial flagellum (prokaryotic) to an animal cellflagellum (eukaryotic)? How do they differ; how are theysimilar?
    3. Compare a bacterial cell wall (prokaryotic) to a plant cellwall (eukaryotic)? How do they differ; how are they similar?
  3. Eukaryotic cells (in plants, animals, fungi, and algae) arebigger than prokaryotic (bacterial) cells. This bigger size allowseukaryotic cells to have more structural complexity.

Choose any one of the following eukaryotic cell structures for ashort essay:

  • Mitochondrion
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Lysosome
  • Chloroplast (found only in photosynthetic cells)

In your answer, describe its basic structure (includingmolecular composition) as well as the function. Why is the functionimportant to keeping the cell alive?
Provide references in APA format. This includes a reference listand in-text citations for references used throughout theassignment.

LAB MODULE: BASIC MICROSCOPY – STUDY HELP

The information in this document is helpful in preparing for the Basic Microscopy Pre-Lab Quiz on Canvas and the Basic Microscopy quiz on Late Nite Labs.

Instructions:

• Go to your Late Nite Labs course site and click on the Basic Microscopy link. The lab manual content will appear on the right side of the screen.

• PRINT and READ all of the information found in the Basic Microscopy lab manual.

• Use the information to answer the following questions.

Questions

• Fill in the remainder of the chart.

Objective Lens

Objective Magnification

Ocular Magnification

Total Magnification

Scanning

4X

10X

40X

Low Power

10X

10X

High Power

40X

10X

Oil Immersion

100X

10X

• Do all organisms consist of more than one cell?

• What is the structural and functional unit of living things? In other words, what is considered the basic building block of LIFE?

• What three structures are found in the cells of ALL organisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic? You may have to look at the pictures of the cells in the Basic Microscopy lab manual content to find all three structures. Note: plasma membrane = cell membrane

• List the major differences in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? Include the location of genetic material in a eukaryotic versus prokaryotic cell.

• List the organelles found in a eukaryotic cell that are not found in a prokaryotic cell. You may have to look at the pictures of the cells in the Basic Microscopy lab manual content to find all of these.

• In eukaryotic cells, genetic information is found in the form of DNA. Is this true for prokaryotic cells?

• Are flagella and cell walls unique to eukaryotes? Why or why not?

• The __________is the part of a cell that allows the movement of substances into and out of the cell and protects the cell from its environment.

• The__________is a substance that contains all of the dissolved and suspended ions and other molecules needed to keep the cell alive.

• A__________is an organelle that serves as the site of photosynthesis in a eukaryotic cell.

• Some organisms have cells that contain a__________that gives the cell a more structured shape and strengthens the cell by osmotic pressure.

• Describe dark field microscopy.

• Describe phase contrast microscopy.

• Why do scientists use dark field microscopy and phase contrast microscopy when studying prokaryotic cells?

• How does phase contrast microscopy help scientists visualize difficult specimens?

• Fill in the remainder of the chart. The organisms studied during this lab are: Amoeba, Spirogyra, cardiac muscle, and bacteria.

Structure Function Organisms Studied
Plasma Membrane

Amoeba, Spirogyra, cardiac muscle, and bacteria
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

Contains the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell
Chloroplast

Spirogyra
Cell wall