LINGUIS 101 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Vowel Reduction, Dissimilation, Vocal Folds
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。= progressive voiceless change
Pitch
1. Intonation
2. Tone
Continued from Week 3…
Some Narrow transcriptions
● Aspiration
○ [ p^h ] [ t^h ] [ k^h ]
● Automatic diphthongs
○ [ eI ] [ oひ ]
● Glottal stop and flap
○ [ t ] [ d ] [ ? ] [ r ]
● Schwa
○ [ Ə ]
Phonetics Part 4
Suprasegmentals: pitch
Suprasegmentals
● Phonetic info that may be combined w/ segments in a non-sequential way
○ Pitch: voice on a scale (high to low)
○ Length: duration of segment
○ Loudness: volume of segment
Pitch
● Speed of vibration of vocal folds
○ Faster = higher
○ Slower = lower
■ Singing- can train yourself to hit a
particular pitch
■ Everyone can naturally modulate pitch, high or lower
● Intonation
○ Pitch modulation that signals diff grammatical/semantic info
○ Doesn’t change fundamental meaning of word(s)
■ Danny became a lawyer.
■ Danny became a lawyer?
■ Danny became a lawyer!
● Message/meaning is the same, but intonation is diff
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。= progressive voiceless change
● Tone
○ In some languages, changing pitch of (single syllable) word can change meaning
of word itself
■ Single syllable words, only differ in pitch
■ Used in Indo-Aryan, Pakistan
○ It is actually very common- most languages in the world are tone languages
● 2 Types of Tone
○ Register: pitch stays even and steady throughout syllable
■ Limited number within a language, up to 5
● Usually only 3 (H, M, L)
○ Contour: either rise, fall or both (change in pitch) over course of syllable
■ Many more options within a language
● Tone languages- Examples:
○ Mandarin- 3
■ 1 register, 2 contour
○ Cantonese- 6
■ 3 register, 3 contour
○ Kam- 9
Length
● In some languages, segment length can change word meaning
○ ie: Hungarian, Japanese, Finnish, Cree, Danish
■ < ah > vs. < ahhhhh >
○ 2- Short and long
○ Consonant length = gemination
● Can lengthen vowels (more common) and consonants
★ See Slideshow on Canvas for sound examples
Loudness
● No language uses loudness by itself (contrastingly) to change meaning of a word
○ Can be used as component of indicating stressed vs. unstressed syllables
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。= progressive voiceless change
Stress
● Perceived prominence of a syllable in a multi-syllable word
○ Examples in English
■ PRE - sent vs. pre - SENT
■ DES -ert vs. de -SERT
★ Check slideshow on Canvas for other language examples if needed
Phonetic realization of stress
● Phonetic correlates of stressed syllable:
○ Higher pitch, longer duration, louder volume + (more peripheral) vowel quality
○ Languages may use any combination of these to mark stress
■ ie: Greek uses only pitch and volume
Phonetics Part 5
Speech production
● We all have a tendency to do things in the simplest, most efficient way
● 2 conflicting pressures on Speech Production
○ Ease of Articulation: speaker will change sounds to make them more like each
other/articulation simpler
■ Maximize ease of production
■ As a result, sounds become more like “neighboring sounds”
○ Ease of Perception: maximize the distinction of sounds/segments
■ Use to communicate more clearly
Articulatory Processes
● Articulation of a segment can change in environment of neighboring sounds
○ 6 basic types
1. Assimilation
2. Dissimilation
3. Deletion
4. Insertion
5. Metathesis
6. Vowel reduction
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find more resources at oneclass.com