PHIS 206 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Pinocytosis, Cell Theory, Botulinum Toxin

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blueskunk578

2 May 2018

School

VCU

Department

Physiology and Biophysics

Course

PHIS 206

Professor

Charles Anderson; Steven Price

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Lecture 2: Cell Physiology

Cell Theory

• Principles of the Cell Theory

o The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit capable of carrying out life

processes

o The functional activities of each cell depend on the specific structural properties

of the cell

o Cells are the living building blocks of all multicellular organisms

o An organism’s structure and function ultimately depend on the collective

structural characteristics and functional capabilities of its cells

o All new cells and new life arise only from preexisting cells

o Because of this continuity of life, the cells of all organisms are fundamentally

similar in structure and function

*Look over cell structure (in lecture slide)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• → Reticulum means net in latin

• DNA → RNA → Protein

o We are made up of a bunch of little machines called protein

• Rough ER → Protein Synthesis

o It is rough because of the little ribosomes on it

• Smooth ER → Carbohydrate and Lipid Synthesis

o Makes everything else because has no ribosomes (ribosomes makes protein)

• Ribosomes also exist freely floating in cytoplasm

Protein Traffic

• Destinations for proteins are coded (extracellular or membrane)

• Cytosolic proteins originate from cytosolic ribosomes (not ER ribosomes)

• *polarization of function (one side of the cell does one thing and the other side does

another thing) → all encoded

Directions

• Golgi Complex

o Interprets the destination code → packages proteins into vesicles

Moving Out

• Proteins destined to leave the cell are secreted via exocytosis

o Controlled way of getting rid of the stuff it needs to get rid of

SNAREd

• SNAREs - lock and key proteins

o Allows vesicles to go where they need to go

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o This is how botox works → interrupts this process

o The way a nerve tells a muscle to go is through this lock and key mechanism (if it

doesn’t work, nerve can’t talk to muscle)

• v - SNARE → vesicular membrane

• t - SNARE → target membrane

Moving In

• Endocytosis

• Pinocytosis → cell drinks some of its environment (cell drinking)

• Pinocytosis → brining stuff in (type of endocytosis?)

• Receptor-mediated endocytosis

• Phagocytosis → the cell is eating something

Waste Disposal

• Lysosomes (via enzymes) and Peroxisomes (via hydrogen peroxide (40% in cell vs 3% in

those brown bottles))

o Vesicles → waste receptacles

o Detoxification of poisons

o Destruction of debris

The Discarded

• Degradation

o Protein in constant turnover

o Ubiquitin is tag for degradation

o Proteasome is the disposal

• You’re made of amino acids from somewhere else (you can only make so many of your

own amino acids??????)

Mitochondria

• Peculiarities

o Double membrane unique

o Cristae = increase surface area

o Standalone DNA source

o Key player in apoptosis

• Where electron transport chain occurs

• Where ATP is made → ATP = energy → pocket money of your metabolism

• Most of the mitochondria in you is from your mom

• Evolutionary theory → endosymbiotic → so mitochondria used to be its own bacteria but

animal cells took it in to make energy for them

• Programmed cell death (apoptosis) (get nearly 100% recycled because of mitochondria)

→ key player is mitochondria

Energy Metabolism

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Document Summary

Endoplasmic reticulum: reticulum means net in latin, dna rna protein, we are made up of a bunch of little machines called protein, rough er protein synthesis. It is rough because of the little ribosomes on it: smooth er carbohydrate and lipid synthesis, makes everything else because has no ribosomes (ribosomes makes protein, ribosomes also exist freely floating in cytoplasm. Interprets the destination code packages proteins into vesicles: proteins destined to leave the cell are secreted via exocytosis, controlled way of getting rid of the stuff it needs to get rid of. Moving in: endocytosis, pinocytosis cell drinks some of its environment (cell drinking, pinocytosis brining stuff in (type of endocytosis?, receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis the cell is eating something. Waste disposal: lysosomes (via enzymes) and peroxisomes (via hydrogen peroxide (40% in cell vs 3% in those brown bottles), vesicles waste receptacles, detoxification of poisons, destruction of debris.

Related Questions

________30. If you are investigating the inner structure of a new cell and see that it has a significantly larger amount of RER than other cells. You would conclude the cell does a great deal of____?
A. ATP synthesis

B. protein synthesis
C. DNA synthesis
D. active transport
E. polysaccharide hydrolysis

________31. If a cell comes in contact with a toxic substance such as H2O2, it could survive as long as it has a ___ to digest it.
A. DNA
B. peroxisome

C. mitochondria
D. phospholipids
E. intermediate filaments

________32. Some cells have structures to help them withstand osmotic pressure. For example,
A. Plant cells due to their walls
B. Animal cells due to the sodium/potassium pumps

C. Bacterial cell due to their swimming

D. Viruses due to their protein coats

________33. Evolution occurs only as a cell ____.

A. They undergo mitosis
B. Change in their gene pool
C. They move from one habitat to another

D. They begin to eat different foods

________34. Ribosomes are produced in the

A. nucleoli.
B. chromatin.
C. nuclear envelopes.

D. Golgi complex. E. cisternae.

________35. Algae are often green, but there are red and brown species also. What accounts for this difference in color?
A. The chlorophyll of chloroplasts
B. The pigments in other plastids

C. The presence of a mitochondria
D. The accumulation of cellular wastes

________36. The chloroplast and other like prokaryotes have which of the following that helps with photosynthesis?
A. They live in water based environments
B. They have chloroplasts in their cytoplasm

C. Change color in the dark vs. the sun
D. They have photoreceptor proteins in their membranes or mesosomes.

________37. Located in the membrane, we see a set of proteins called receptors that only connect with or bind to specific substances. This is called __.
A. ligand specificity.
B. hormone selectivity.

C. cell tonicity.
D. water saturation. E. signal resolution.

________38. Of the following statements, we could say that ___ is false.
A. All organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
B. An organism's structure and all of its functions are due to the activities of cells.
C. The cellular organelles are the simplest structural and functional unit of life.
D. Cells come from preexisting cells.
E. Cells are made from nonliving components including the nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm.

________39. If it is really true that our cells are the smallest anatomical unit that meets all of the properties of life, then which of the following could imply otherwise?
A. vacuoles
B. centrioles

C. Golgi apparatus
D. mitochondria
E. endoplasmic reticulum

________40. Oxygen is an absolute need for animal and plant cells alike due to the ___.

A. RER
B. Mitochondria
C. Lysosomes

D. DNA

________41. In a plasma membrane, we expect to see the carb/protein structures to extend into the ___, but the secondary messengers to move within the __.
A. extracellular fluid; cytosol
B. cytosol; extracellular fluid

C. intracellular fluid; cytosol

D. cytosol; intracellular fluid

E. extracellular fluid; plasma

________42. Bacteria are found in all of the following habitats:

A. Caves
B. Oceans
C. Animals

D. Everywhere on Earth

________43. Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Solution A has a higher concentration of an impermeable solute compared to solution B. Which of the following do you expect would happen?
A. solute will move from solution A to solution B

B. solute will move from solution B to solution A

C. water will more from solution A to solution B

D. water will move from solution B to solution A E. no movement of solute or water will occur

________44. In the kidney, we notice that almost all of the cells involved in the production of urine have high concentrations of the Na+/K+ pump. Which typically works to push Na+ ___ its concentration gradient by using ___.
A. up; active transport

B. up; facilitated transport
C. up; cotransport
D. down; active transport
E. down; facilitated transport

________45. In the charts of a patient recently admitted to the hospital noted that he was taking a medication called lithium and high doses of calcium supplements. Given this, we would expect the patientâs liver to have a higher than normal amount of __ to purify out the lithium and calcium.

A. lysosomes.
B. centrosomes.
C. mitochondria.
D. peroxisomes.
E. rough endoplasmic reticulum.

________46. We have long observed that our neural cells in the brain cannot replicate or replace themselves due to the lack of ____.
A. produce ATP.
B. divide.

C. produce enzymes.
D. secrete material across their plasma membrane E. conduct electrical signals.

________47. An organismâs structure and function is ultimately due to the structure and function of itâs __.
A. Organs
B. Tissues

C. Cells

D. Nuclei

I JUST NEED SIMPLE/BASIC ANSWERS NOT LONG ANSWERS

1. Explain how life can be viewed at different levels of biological complexity.

2. Explain how researchers study biology at different levels, ranging from molecules to ecosystems.

3. Distinguish between discovery-based science and hypothesis testing, and describe the steps of the scientific method.

4. Tell whether a given topic or research study is about biology. Tell whether that study is discovery-based or hypothesis testing, or both.

5. If presented with a research study, propose what the Research Question was.

6. If presented with an example, tell whether a statement is a hypothesis, theory or law and why you think so.

Describe the general structure of atoms and their constituent particles.

Relate atomic structure to the periodic table of the elements. List the elements that make up most of the mass of all living organisms.

Explain how a single element may exist in more than one form, called isotopes, and how certain isotopes have importance in human medicine.

Compare and contrast the types of atomic interactions (bonds) that lead to the formation of molecules.

Tell which atoms and how many of each make up a given molecule (formula or diagram).

For a bond in a given molecule, tell whether the bond is covalent, and if it is, tell whether it is polar or nonpolar and why you think so.

Explain the concept of electronegativity and how it contributes to the formation of polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. Tell whether a given atom is electronegative or not, and why you think so. Label partial charges in a polar bond.

Draw five water molecules and label the atoms and bonds within and between the 5 molecules.

Describe how hydrogen bonding determines many properties of water.

List the properties of water that make it a valuable solvent, and distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances.

Explain how water has the ability to ionize into hydroxide ions (OH^â) and into hydrogen ions (H⁺), and how the H⁺ concentration is expressed as a solution's pH.

Explain the properties of carbon that make it the chemical basis of all life.

Describe the variety and chemical characteristics of common functional groups of organic compounds.

Diagram how small molecules may be assembled into larger ones by dehydration reactions and how hydrolysis reactions can reverse this process.

List the four major classes of organic molecules and macromolecules found in living organisms

If shown a molecule, tell whether it is organic or not and how you know.

If shown an organic molecule, tell whether it is an amino acid, nucleotide, fatty acid, steroid, monosaccharide or disaccharide and how you know.

Distinguish among different forms of carbohydrate molecules, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Relate the functions of plant and animal polysaccharides to their structure.

List the several different classes of lipid molecules important in living organisms.

Diagram the structure of a triglyceride and explain how it is affected by the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Explain why some fats are solid at room temperature, and others are liquid.

Discuss how fats function as energy-storage molecules.

Apply knowledge of the structure of phospholipids to the formation of cellular membranes.

Describe the chemical nature of steroids and give an example of their biological importance.

Give examples of the general types of functions that are carried out in cells by different types of proteins.

Explain how amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide, and distinguish between a polypeptide and protein.

Describe the levels of protein structure and the factors that determine them. If shown a protein diagram, label parts that represent its levels of structure. Tell what kind of research techniques are used to determine protein structure.

Outline the bonding forces important in determining protein shape and function.

Explain what domains are and their importance in proteins.

Describe the three components of nucleotides.

Distinguish between the structures of DNA and RNA.

Tell how certain bases pair with others in DNA and RNA.

Discuss the 4 major categories of organic macromolecules found in living things, including structure, function and location of each.

Compare and contrast the general structural features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Outline the differences in complexity among bacteria, animal, and plant cells.

Describe how a eukaryotic cell can be viewed as four interacting systems: the nucleus, cytosol, endomembrane system, and semiautonomous organelles.

Explain how the proteome underlies the structure and function of cells.

Analyze how cell size and shape affect the surface area/volume ratio.

Identify the location of the cytosol in a eukaryotic cell and list its general functions.

Describe the three types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton. Identify which underlie cilia, flagella, centrioles, the nuclear lamina, and the brush border. Tell which are readily assembled and disassembled. Tell which are involved in various cell shape changes or movements.

Explain how motor proteins interact with microtubules or actin filaments to promote cellular movement.

Describe the structure and organization of the cell nucleus. Describe the structure and function of nuclear pores.

Outline the structures and general functions of the components of the endomembrane system.

Distinguish between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Identify three important functions of the plasma membrane.

Tell why mitochondria and chloroplasts are called semi-autonomous organelles.

Discuss the evidence for the endosymbiosis theory.

Outline the structures and general functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Explain how proteins are moved via vesicles through the endomembrane system.

If you are told about the function of a specific protein, tell where and in what type of cell that protein might be found.

Sketch and label a âtypicalâ animal cell and a real animal cell such as a red blood cell or a muscle cell. Tell how it might be different than the âtypicalâ cell in terms of its organelles and shape.

Sketch and label a âtypicalâ plant cell and a real plant cell such as a root or leaf cell. Tell how it might be different than the âtypicalâ cell in terms of its organelles and shape.

Describe the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure. Tell why membranes are described as âfluid mosaicsâ.

Draw 10 phospholipid molecules as they would be arranged in a bilayer. Label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.

61. Name all the places in a cell where membranes are found.

62. Describe at least three different categories of membrane proteins and tell what they do.

63. Describe what determines how fluid membranes are.

64. Explain how lipids are synthesized at the ER membrane.

65. Explain how transmembrane proteins are inserted into the ER membrane.

66. Compare and contrast diffusion, facilitated diffusion, passive transport, and active transport.

67. Explain the process of osmosis and how it affects cell structure.

68. Outline the functional differences between channels and transporters. Compare and contrast uniporters, symporters, and antiporters.

69. Explain the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport.

70. Describe the structure and function of the sodium-potassium pump in animal cells and a similar pump in plants and prokaryotes.

71. Describe exocytosis and endocytosis and tell what molecules are moved across the membrane by these.

Discuss membrane transport, including its function and various forms and why all membranes have each form.

73. If a given cellular process is described, tell which form of transport might be involved.

List the different categories of animal tissue, providing general functions and specific examples of each.

Name the various organ systems found in many animals, list the components of each, and describe their general functions.

bluebeaver798

12. What is the primary aim of the scientific method? A. To formulate a hypothesis B. To introduce new variables into an ExperimentC. To include control groups in an experiment D. To modify an Experiment E. To discard the results if they do not support the hypothesis.

13. Supporters of spontaneous generation believe in the theory of biogenesis. True or false14. Louise pastors experiments discounted the theory of abiogenesis true or false

15. Hey Siri is a? E. Collection of statements, for positions, or concepts that explain or accounts for a natural event B. Prediction C. Process of experimentation D. Tentative explanation to account for what has been observed or measured 16. Joseph Listerâs concept of a sepsis in the medical setting consisted of what procedure? A. The practice of the handwashing B. The use of an autoclave C. Do use of antibiotics D. Do use of gloves 17. Which of the following is the largest in size? A.Escherichia coli(bacteria)B. Amoeba proteus (protozoa)C.Poliovirus (virus) D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis/Tuberculosis E.Bacillus anthacis/Anthrax

19. The smallest and most specific of the levels of classification is species. What level of classification is directly above species A.period domainB.familyC. Genus D. Phylum20. What time refers to the degree of evolutionary relatednessBetween living organisms? A. Morphology B. Physiology C. Hierarchy . Phylogeny

21. Which of the following statements regarding evolution is correct? A. Change is that favor survival or lost B.Living things change rapidly through millions of yearsC. Evolution results and structural and functional changes in organisms D. Changes that are not beneficial are preserved 22. Who is fox used what cell component in the classification of organisms into three domains? A.mRNA B.Protiens C.rRNA D.none of the above

23. Micro organisms can be found in all natural habitats. This defines micro organisms as being? A. Microscopic B. Eukaryotic C. Parasitic D. ubiquitous

24. The prokaryotic cell structure includes A. Nucleus, mitochondria B. Ribosomes, cell membranes C. All of the above D. None of the above

25.Regarding the involvement of micro organisms and energy and nutrient flow

A. Bacteria and fungi are important and decomposition

B. Algae are characterized as photosynthetic

C. All of the above are correct

D. None of the above is correct

26. The terms parasite, hots, pathogen, biofilms, and epidemiology are associated with:

A. The role of microorganisms in defomposition

B. The role of microorganisms in bio-remediation

C. The role of viruses in the infectious disease process

D. The role of microorganisms in the infectious disease process

E. None if the above

27. The scientific method can be summarized as:

A. A process

B. Observation, hypothesis, experiment, assessment of data, conclusion

C. All the above

28.in the development of medical microbiology;

A.ferdinand Cohn discovered heat-resistant bacterial spores

B. Robert Koch linked specific organism to specific diseases

C.louis pasteur and Roberts clutch advance the germ theory of disease D. All of the above are correct E. None of the above is correct number

29 the formal system of organizing classifying and naming organisms is called A. Morphology B. Physiology C. Here Archie D. Phylogeny E. None of the above number

30. The horse fox system of classification containâs a. The domains you Eukarya, archaea, bacteria

B. The kingdoms plants, fungi, animals, protists, Monerans, C. All of the above D. None of the above

Chapter No. 2

31. The simplest form of matter not the visible into simpler substances is? 32. Positively charged subatomic particles are? 33. Neutral subatomic particles are? 34. Negatively charged subatomic particles? 35. A pure substances with a chair at the rustic number of protons, Neutrons, and electrons? 36. The atomic number? 37. The number of protons and neutrons is the? 38. Verriant forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons are? 39. The space surrounding the atomic nucleus where electrons are likely to be found? 40. A chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more Adams? 41. Chemical? Are formed when two or more atoms share, donate, or except electrons to form molecules. 42. Chemical bonding where electrons are shared among Adams are? 43. Chemical bonding where electrons are transferred to one Adam forming positively charged cations and negatively charged and ions? 44. Chemical bonding that is described as weak bonds between hydrogen and other Adams?

45. Regarding covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds, the following is true a period is covalent bonds electrons are shared among Adams be. In ionic bonds, electrons are transferred to one Adam forming (+) cations and (-) anions C. Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds between hydrogen and other Adams D. All of the above are correct E. None of the above are correct 46. Reactants also called substrates are molecules that start a reaction and products are substances left by a reaction. True or false 47. The pH scale express is the concentration of H plus ions, and it ranges from A.0 to 7 B. 1 to 14 C. 0 to 14 D. None of the above 48. Organic chemicals are compounds containing carbon bonded to nitrogen Adams. True or false 49. Carbon see is the fundamental element of life and eight. Contains four Adams and itâs our orbital be. Can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds see. Can form linear, branched, Or ringed moleculesD. All of the above are correct E. None of the above are correct 50. Biochemicals are organic compounds produced by living things and include A Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Nucleic acidâs E. All of the above are correct letter F. None of the above are correct51. In Marco molecules large are compounds assembled from smaller subunits. A monomer is a subunit and a polymer is a chain of monomers. true or false

52. Proteins pre-dominant molecules and cells,There monomers are the 20 amino acids, and there are polymers are peptides, polypeptides, proteins. There are some units are linked by peptide bonds. Which of the following protein characteristics are true A proteins fold into very specific 3-D shapes B proteins function as support, enzymes, transport, defense, movement C all of the above are correct D none of the above are correct 53. DNA the deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is formed by two long poly nucleotide strands linked by hydrogen bonds, the following is also threw a. A, C, C, GR nitrogen bases B. The DNA molecule is a double helix C. DNA functions as hereditary material

D. All of the above are correct E. None of the above are correct chapter 4. 54. Peptidoglycans, dipicolinic acid, and mycolic acid are chemicals. They are: Letter a. Associated with cell Walls and their function is protection B. Associated with the cell membranes and their function is protection C. All of the above are correct D. None of the above are correct 55. Steroids are chemicals found in pleomorphic Mycoplasma plasma. They are: E. Associated with cell walls and their function is protection B. Associated with the cell membrane and their function is protection C. All of the above are correct D. None of the above are correct 56. The cell membrane cytoplasmic membrane A. Has a phospholipid Byler B. Has it embedded proteins C. Is the conceptualized in the fluid Mosaic model D. All of the above

57. Which of the following is incorrect regarding the bacterial cell wall? Hey. Is it a target of certain antibiotics B. It determines the shape of the bacterium C. It prevents a bacterium from bursting due to changes in osmotic pressure D. Itâs comeposition where is among the major bacterial groups E. It is composed of repeating framework of lipids 58. Which of the following is incorrect regarding plasmids? E. They are extra chromosomal B. They Can become integrated into the bacterial chromosome C. They can come for protective traits D. They are essential for bacterial growth and survival E. They are important in genetic engineering techniques 59. Identification of bacteria requires a study of all but which of the following? A. Microscopic and macroscopic morphologyB. Bacterial physiology C. Quantitive analysis D. Serological analysis E. Genetic and molecular analysis

60. What is the structure of each of these functions

60. Adhesion 61. Proteins Synthesis 62. Selective permeability 63. Protective, pathogenicity 64. Site of mini bio chemical reactions 70 to 80% water 65. Iocomotion, chemotaxis 66. Nutrient storage (glycogen,PHB)

67. Conjunction 68. Protection from dehydration 69. Heat resistance(linked to calcium and dipicolinic acid) 70. Play a role infected catheters ,IUDs, artificial hip joints

Here are the key Structures for Questions 60 to 70

KEY:Flagella, endospores, so membrane, inclusion body, cytoplasmic matrix, ribosomes, cell-capsule, fimbriae, slime layer, Pilus, biofilms

Chapter No. 5

What are the eukaryotic structure of each of these functions

71. Generation of energy ATP 72. Site of ribosomes in you create excels 73. Locomotion 74. Location of chromosomes and nucleolus75. Convert sunlight energy into chemical energy such as algae and plants 76. Synthesis of nine proteins such as lipids 77. And enzyme found in tears saliva 78. Contains a verity of enzymes79. Collects and packages proteins

Here are the key for question 71 through 79

KEY:Lysosome, mitochondria, nucleus, lysozyme, Goldi-apparatus , flagella, cilia,pseudopia, PER, SER, chloroplasts, nucleus

80. Helminthes include: A. Roundworms(Nematodes) B. Tapeworms (cestodes)C. Flukes(Trematodes) D. all of the above E. None of the above

81. The cell walls of fungi are composed of what? A. Peptide Dougla can be. Chitin or cellulose C. All of the above D. None of the above

82. Where does RNA synthesis in Eukaryotes occur?

83. Asexual reproduction in fungi occurs by what process? A. Binary fission B. Meiosis C. Nuclear fusion D. Mitosis

84. Which of the following defines a lysosome? A. The Sicle that originates from the gold Golgi apparatus and contains a veriety of enzymesB a membrane bound sack contains fluids or solid particles to be digested see. A buck you all that contains reserve nutrients D. A vac you are that regulates osmotic pressure 85. Which of the following is correct regarding chloroplasts? K. They are the primary producers of organic nutrients B. They are found In LG and plant cells letter C. Oxygen gas is produced as a byproduct of their activities D. They convert the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis E. All of the above are correct.

89. All fungi utilize what as a nutritional substrate? A. Organic nutrients be. Carbon dioxide C. Inorganic ions D. Hydrant sulfide

86. What is formed when hyphae of two opposite fungi strains fuse in form diploidy spores?Sporangium, ConidiaB. Basidiospores, zygospores, Ascospores

C.All of the above are correct 87. What statement regarding the fungi is incorrect? E. Many species are pathogenic to field crops B. Fungi decomposed organic matter in return essential minerals to the soil C. They can be used to produce large quantities of antibiotics, alcohol, anod vitamins D. All of the above are correct E. All of the above are incorrect

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PHIS 206 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Pinocytosis, Cell Theory, Botulinum Toxin

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