BIOLOGY 107 Lecture 1: Bio 107
INFORMATION
FLOW
IN
BIOLOGY
•
DNA
>
RNA
7
Proteins
•
non-living
organisms
use
RNA
,
e.g
.
viruses
•
all
cells
in
your
body
have
the
same
DNA
but
different
proteins
•
RNA
works
as
a
control
mechanism
for
'
×
'
amount
of
protein
/
s
)
•
messenger
RNA
are
transcribed
from
genes
•
lipids
(
fats
)
•
carbohydrates
(
sugars
)
•
DNA
is
the
foundation
"
the
brain
"
of
all
of
our
information
B
I
0
M
O
L
E
C
U
L
E
s
•
nucleic
acids
:
polymers
of
nucleotides
(
poly
nucleotides
)
>
two
types
:
DNA
1
deoxy
ribonucleic
acid
)
RNA
(
ribonucleic
acid
)
•
cellular
functions
of
nucleotides
by
nucleic
acids
:
-
energy
currency
CATP
)
-
storage
of
genetic
info
(
DNA
,
RNA
)
-
key
components
in
protein
synthesis
(
mRNA
,
tRNA
,
rRNA
)
-
regulate
protein
synthesis
(
RNA
interference
)
•
nucleotides
:
the
monomers
of
nucleic
acids
-
sugar
,
base
,
phosphate
•
if
sugar
is
a
ribose
,
it
is
a
building
block
of
RNA
.
If
a
sugar
is
a
deoxyribose
,
is
a
building
block
of
DNA
NITROGENOUS
BASES
•
nucleobases
,
or
oust
"
base
"
(
nitrogen
containing
)
•
hetero
cylic
>
more
than
one
type
of
atom
in
the
ring
•
derivatives
of
purine
by
pyrimidine
-
purines
:
adenine
by
guanine
-
pyrimidines
:
cytosine
,
thymine
IDNAI
,
uracil
(
RMA
)
•
planar
(
flat
)
•
hydrophobic
•
nucleosides
:
base
}
sugar
lwlo
phosphate
)
-
bond
between
ribose
(
deoxyribose
)
by
base
N
-
glycosyl
bond
(
a.k.a
glycosidic
bond
)
•
nucleotides
:
base
,
sugar
,
by
phosphate
groups
•
phosphodiester
bonds
link
nucleotides
in
RNA
/
DNA
-
establishes
primary
structure
of
DNA
(
sequence
)
-
phosphate
"
bridges
"
connect
ad
>
a
cent
nucleotides
via
the
S
'
by
3
'
carbons
-
creates
a
phosphate
-
sugar
backbone
covalently
linking
the
nucleotides
-
phosphate
groups
each
have
-1
charge
(
Plea
-1
,
very
acidic
)
-
nucleic
acids
are
very
soluble
in
water
(
hydrophilic
)
PRIMARY
STRUCTURE
OF
DNA
'
directionality
:
there
is
a
"
sense
"
to
the
poly
nucleotide
chain
.
3
'
carbon
of
one
nucleotide
linked
to
the
S
'
carbon
of
the
"
next
"
nucleotide
2
individuality
:
sequence
of
the
bases
1
nucleotide
sequence
)
>
hetero
polymer
DNA
SECONDARY
STRUCTURE
•
double
helix
(
righthanded
)
•
anti
-
parallel
strands
>
5
'
end
to
3
'
end
then
3
'
end
to
S
'
end
•
bases
are
paired
§
held
together
by
hydrogen
bonds
•
always
G
to
C
Luisa
versa
)
by
T
to
A
(
visa
versa
)
pairings
•
B-
DNA
-
sugar
-
phosphate
backbone
on
the
outside
>
charged
}
polar
molecules
=
hydrophilic
-
bases
on
the
inside
>
hydrophobic
purines
/
pyrimidines
w/
some
chemical
groups
on
edges
