PHIL 2501 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Thermostat, False Dilemma, Chauvinism

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ambersmith

1 Mar 2022

School

Carleton University

Department

Philosophy

Course

PHIL 2501

Professor

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Just because it"s coded doesn"t mean it isn"t legitimate. Plenty of our beliefs and preferences were ingrained into us by external actors. Mind signals as to their condition and what they require. If we were to simply isolate the brain without the other parts of the body, I find it extremely hard to believe that the brain would be able to think in the same way we do now. There are a myriad of sensations/ideas that will be blinded to it: furthermore, implying that there is such a thing known as the mind that is divorced from other functions seems dubious at best. We are oftentimes at the behest of our unconscious biases/actions/thoughts so where is this. Why can"t human intentionality/action be ascribed the same formal symbol attribution that this machine is? (1) putnam"s choice of examples: putnam"s examples of mental states are pain, visual sensations, hunger, anger, etc. (what.

Related Questions

Vapor cycles
5EM - Thermodynamics
September 2010
1 The T-S diagram
The temperature-entropy diagram is an alternative to the well knownpressure-
volume diagram. Before using it to analyze different vapor cycles,we need
to understand it properly.
1. Plot the following transformations for ideal gases in a T-Sdiagram
(a) Isothermal expansion
(b) Isobaric expansion
(c) Isometric heating
(d) Reversible adiabatic expansion
(e) Irreversible adiabatic expansion
2. Repeat the last question, but this time do it for a realsubstance,
starting in the compressed liquid1 region and ending in thesuperheated
region, when possible. Indicate the boundaries of eachregion.
3. We know that under certain circumstances the area under theplot
in a P-V diagram represents the work performed during theprocess.
What does it represent in this case? Under what assumptions isyour
answer true? Compare examples 6.1 and 6.2.
2 Thermal machines
We understand by thermal machine a device capable of transformingther-
mal energy (heat) into mechanical energy (work). We already knowthat
these machines have a limited efficiency which, in the two-sourcesmodel, is
obtained by Carnotâs cycle.
(Compressed liquid is sometimes also called subcooled liquid)
2.1 Carnot cycle
This cycle, although efficient, is impractical. To begin with, theextreme
temperatures of the cycle should be within the sources temperaturesfor a
finite heat flow to exist.
1. Given the temperature of the sources, draw the cycle accordingto the
named limitation.
2. Show that this leads to lower efficiency than the theoreticallimit.
3. Assume that heat flow from/to the sources is proportional to thetem-
perature difference between them and the working fluid, anddemon-
strate that a higher power output is related to a decreasedefficiency.
2.2 Rankine cycle
Out of the several practical possibilities, Rankine cycle and itsvariations is
widely used, especially for electric power generation.
1. Draw the basic cycle in a T-S diagram and explain it.
2. What does the efficiency of the cycle depend on? Comparewith
Carnotâs.
3. What are the differences between the ideal cycle and the realone?
4. Describe how it is modified by superheating and/or reheating.Explain
te benefits.
2.3 Problems
After answering the previous questions solve the followingexercises from the
book: 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.13, 8.19, 8.20
3 Frigorific machines
3.1 Reverse Carnot cycle
We have already studied Carnot cycle in detail as the ideal thermalmachine.
Now we will take is as the starting point to understand thecharacteristics
of frigorific machines.
1. Draw the ideal cycle in a T-S diagram and explain it.
2. Show that this cycle has a theoretical efficiency Ã =Tcold/Thot-Tcold
3. What are the difficulties in implementing such cycle in actualdevices?
3.2 Actual refrigerators
1. Why is the turbine replaced by an expansion valve in mostcases?
2. Plot the actual cycle and explain the differences with the idealcase.
3. How do cascade and multistage systems improve the performanceof
the refrigerator?
4. What aspects are important in the choice of a refrigerant fluid?Justify
3.3 Problems
After answering the previous questions solve the followingexercises from the
book: 10.2 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.22, 10.23 10.1D

In this problem you are to consider an adiabatic expansion of anideal diatomic gas, which means that the gas expands with noaddition or subtraction of heat.

This applet shows the adiabatic compression and expansion of anideal monatomic gas with \gamma=5/3. It will help you to see thequalitative behavior of adiabatic expansions, though your actualcalculations will use a slightly different gamma.

Assume that the gas is initially at pressure p_0, volume V_0, andtemperature T_0. In addition, assume that the temperature of thegas is such that you can neglect vibrational degrees of freedom.Thus, the ratio of heat capacities is \gamma=C_p/C_V=7/5.

Note that, unless explicitly stated, the variable gamma should notappear in your answers--if needed use the fact that \gamma=7/5 foran ideal diatomic gas.

A. Find an analytic expression for p(V), the pressure as a functionof volume, during the adiabatic expansion.
Express the pressure in terms of V and any or all of the giveninitial values p_0, T_0, and V_0.

B. At the end of the adiabatic expansion, the gas fills a newvolume V_1, where V_1 > V_0. Find W, the work done by the gas onthe container during the expansion.
Express the work in terms of p_0, V_0, and V_1. Your answer shouldnot depend on temperature.

C. Find Delta U, the change of internal energy of the gas duringthe adiabatic expansion from volume V_0 to volume V_1.
Express the change of internal energy in terms of p_0, V_0, and/orV_1.

PHIL 2501 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Thermostat, False Dilemma, Chauvinism

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