Biochemistry 3385A Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Tumor Suppressor Gene, Ras Subfamily, Grb2

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pingu70

13 Mar 2022

School

Western University

Department

Biochemistry

Course

Biochemistry 3385A

Professor

Caroline Schild- Poulter

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Document Summary

Topic 1 lecture 1: cancer key concepts pt. Topic 1 lecture 2: cancer key concepts pt. In cancer: pi3k hyperactivation (either d/t mutation in ras or pi3k), Cyclins: levels of cyclin increase during mitosis (cdk levels stay constant but need. Cdk 4/6: phosphorylates prb (tumor suppressor/transcription factor) = released off of e2f, transcription of cyclin a and e genes occurs, cycle proceeds to s phase, positive feedback loop cyclin e/cdk2 further phosphorylates prb. Important to regulate b/c of restriction (r) point (committed to s phase, no longer needs factors/mitogens: regulation of transition, positive: growth factors/mitogens, inhibit the cdk inhibitors (ink4 d/t. Cdk 4) inhibition of cdk inhibitors (ink4: p53 mutations, mutations in dna damage regulators (ex. Dna damage: depolarization of mitochondrial membrane (binding of pro-apoptotic factor of bcl-2 family = bax, cytochrome c released into cytoplasm, apoptosome complex: apaf-1 with pro-caspase 9, cleavage to make caspase-9, formation of effector caspases, target death substrates.

Related Questions

Question 7

The TERT gene encodes for telomerase and is an example of a(n) ________________.

tumor suppressor gene

oncogene

histone

transcription factor

Question 9

Which of the following is true regarding tumors?

Their environments are ideal for rapid cell growth, providing nutrients and oxygen

They are comprised of proliferating and necrotic cells

They do not recruit their own blood supply

They are homogeneous

Question 10

During surgery to remove a primary tumor, nearby _________ are often additionally removed or biopsied to look for the presence of invasive cancer cells.

B__1) Driver mutations provide a growth advantage to a tumor cell. Which type of mutation is known to accumulate in cancer cells but has no direct contribution to the cancer phenotype?

A) alteration mutations B) passenger mutations C) carrier mutations

D) indirect mutations E) insignificant mutations

_A__2) Which of the following general mechanisms appear to be involved in the formation of cancer cells?

A) genomic instability, DNA repair failure, chromatin modifications

B) inversions, operon formation, methylation

C) RNA failure, DNA phosphorylation, phosphorylation of adenyl cyclase

D) transdetermination, mutation, allosteric interactions

E) suppression, tabulation, projection

_A__3) What is the name of the protein that combines with cyclins to exert local control of the cell cycle?

A) cyclin-dependent kinase B) phosphatase C) ATPase D) integrase E) hexokinase

_D__4) A protein functions as a cell-cycle regulator that causes cell death (apoptosis) to a damaged cell. What is the symbol given to this protein?

A) p34 B) p102 C) cyclin D) p53 E) phosphokinase

_A__5) The retinoblastoma protein (pRB), like p53, serves as a(n) ________ in regulating the cell cycle.

A) tumor suppressor B) tumor enhancer C) up regulator D) oncogene E) pseudooncogene

_C__6) Mutant versions of genes that are normally involved in promoting the cell cycle are known as ________.

A) tumor suppressors B) proto-oncogenes C) oncogenes D) malignant genes E) attenuators

_B__7) In sporadic cases of retinoblastoma, how many gene mutations are thought to be necessary in the same cell for a tumor to develop?

A) one B) two C) four D) six

__D_8) What is the name of the protein that appears to regulate the entry of cells into an S phase? This protein is also known as the "guardian of the genome."

A) p34 B) p102 C) cyclin D) p53 E) phosphokinase

1) What is a tumor?

A) List and briefly describe 5 characteristics of a tumor (or tumor cells) as contrasted with the corresponding normal tissue (or cells).

B) What is the defining characteristic of a malignant tumor as opposed to a benign tumor?

C) How do these characteristics support the theory that carcinogenesis is a multistage (i.e. that more than one step occurs during the development of cancer)? Can you suggest a way that one one genetic (or epigenetic) alteration could lead to multiple characteristics of a tumor (hint: consider pleiotropy):

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Biochemistry 3385A Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Tumor Suppressor Gene, Ras Subfamily, Grb2

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