BIO 360 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Stainless Steel, Chloromethane, Oleum

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asiaal

1 Nov 2022

School

MCPHS University

Department

Biology

Course

BIO 360

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" ongoing release of methyl chloride from process equipment that went unnoticed for 5 days . "highly corrosive oleum was released through a hole in process piping . "a transfer hose ruptured , releasing highly toxic phosgene?fatality. Production unit started up after extended maintenance methyl chloride produced in a reaction. , flowed through an open rupture disk and escaped vessel from an improperly located drain "hole . Hazardous gas rented indoors , in an area not frequented by workers . A" mon"" alarm " " de +he b""" "9 alerted personnel of the release . 2,000 lbs of methyl chloride had escaped . /alarm was triggered b"+ " due + ah "s+ % of repeated false alarms. Discoverd another release of oleum ( concentrated form of sulfuric acid) . Overtime it corroded piping in the plants spent acid recovery unit . Steam from an attached copper tube mixed with the oleum and created a large hole in the pipe .

Related Questions

remember the Exxon Valdez oil spill and the effects that it had on the ecosystem. It was the largest oil spill up to that time. You can read about it at http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/?FA=facts.QA. Another disaster that is more recent is the Deepwater Horizon explosion that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico only a few years ago. That incident killed 11 people and resulted in the release of oil that continued for more than 2 months. You can read about this incident and compare it to the Exxon Valdez. What do you think we can do to make drilling and transporting oil safer?

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_____ Researchers are interested inlearning more about patients who developed diabetes during the pastyear in the US. Which measure would researchers select in order tolearn more about the development of new cases ofdiabetes among US residents during the past year? (Hint: thismeasure focuses on the transition from healthy to ill, so itscalculations would not include people who, for example,were diagnosed with diabetes 30 years ago).

a) prevalence of diabetes

b) incidence of diabetes

c) mortality from diabetes

d) none of the above

_____ Identify which of the followingmeasure(s) would be impacted by a procedure that is found tocompletely cure arthritis. It should be noted that in thisexample, the treatment does not prevent arthritis fromdeveloping; however, once a person developed arthritis, they couldbe completely cured of it by undergoing this procedure. Thisprocedure would affect:

a) the prevalence of arthritis, butnot the incidence

b) the incidence of arthritis, but notthe prevalence

c) both the incidence and prevalenceof arthritis

d) neither the incidence nor theprevalence of arthritis

______ Consider the theoretical introduction of a prophylactictreatment that is 80% effective in preventing dementia fromdeveloping in elderly patients. Assume that this treatment cannotreverse dementia in those who already have developed it, but thatit is 80% effective in preventing dementia in those who have notyet shown signs. During the ten years following theintroduction of this treatment, which of the following wouldbe impacted?

a) the prevalence of dementia would beimpacted, but not the incidence of dementia

b) incidence of dementia would beimpacted, but not the prevalence of dementia

c) both the prevalence and incidenceof dementia would be impacted

d) neither the prevalence nor theincidence of dementia would be impacted

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This includes showing all calculations and explaining why you selected a specific answer for each multiple choice question (i.e. donât just circle the correct answer). I am looking to see how you got the answer, not just that you have the correct answer.

Below is data from the United States Cancer Statistics about the number of news cases of lung cancer in males in the U.S. for 2011 for ages 30 and older.

Table 1: U.S. Population Size and Incidence Cases of Lung Cancer in Males for 2011

Age (Years)	U.S. Male Population	White Population	White Incidence Cases	Black Population	Black Incidence Cases
30-34	10,181,564	7,950,924	88	1,383,650	22
35-39	9,666,162	7,557,263	212	1,271,897	23
40-44	10,363,126	8,259,215	643	1,324,847	132
45-49	10,856,131	8,766,225	2,032	1,373,346	444
50-54	10,976,172	9,004,383	5,128	1,329,551	1,148
55-59	9,733,849	8,101,629	8,607	1,091,030	1,687
60-64	8,466,308	7,183,960	12,340	845,362	2,067
65-69	6,014,777	5,178,255	15,792	539,796	2,077
70-74	4,360,942	3,769,569	16,011	376,129	1,864
75-79	3,204,196	2,807,216	14,319	255,221	1,426
80-84	2,319,839	2,078,071	11,284	154,155	883
85+	1,873,942	1,688,433	7,616	117,267	545
Total	88,017,008	72,345,143	94,072	10,062,251	12,318

3. What is the age-specific incidence rate for lung cancer in white men age 75-79 for 2011?(1 pt)

0.005 per 1000

1.3 per 1000

1.2 per 1000

5.1 per 1000

5.6 per 1000

F. Cannot be calculated from the given information

4. What is the age-specific incidence rate for lung cancer in black men age 75-79 for 2011? (1 pt)

0.005 per 1000

1.3 per 1000

1.2 per 1000

5.1 per 1000

5.6 per 1000

F. Cannot be calculated from the given information

Questions 5 through 7 are based on the information below:

Using the information in Table 1, researchers calculated the crude incidence rates and age-adjusted incidence rates (via the direct method) for both groups.

Table 2: Crude incidence rates and age-adjusted incidence rates for white and black males

White Males		Black Males
Crude Incidence Rate	Age-adjusted Incidence Rate	Crude Incidence Rate	Age-adjusted Incidence Rate
1.3 per 1000	1.2 per 1000	1.2 per 1000	1.5 per 1000

5. True or False, there is likely a difference in the age composition between the white and black males. Explain your answer

6. Based on the information in Table 2, it was reported that there was an increased risk of lung cancer in black males in 2011. (1 pt)

The conclusion is:

Correct, the age-adjusted rate is higher in black males compared to white males

Correct, because both the crude and age-adjusted rates are higher in black males compared to white males

Incorrect, because the incidence rate for white males is actually higher than the incidence rate for black males

7. What type of age-adjusted rate was calculated in table 2? How does it differ from the age-adjusted rate in question 5 in the in-class exercise for age-adjustments? Hint: See slide title: Adjustments for Other Measures of Disease Frequency in the lecture title Adjusted Rates (1 pt)

Question 8 is based on the information given below:

Cause-specific mortality rates for men in 2010 in the U.S. from various types of cancers are shown in the table below:

Cause-Specific Mortality Rates

(per 100,000 Men)

Location of the Cancer

in the Body White Asian

Pancreas 13.2 5.7

Prostate 19.1 2.5

Lung 62.3 18.5

Skin 4.9 0.3

8. The inference that White men in the U.S. are at higher risk of death due to cancer of the pancreas, prostate, lung, and skin compared to Asian men in the U.S. is

A. correct

B. incorrect because of failure to determine cause-specific mortality rates

incorrect because proportionate mortality alone does not give an estimate of risk

D. incorrect because of failure to adjust for differences in the age composition of the two populations

E. incorrect because counts were used when cause-specific mortality rates were needed

9. In January 1996, a team of epidemiologists identified a sample of 4,500 men, 65-74 years of age, for a study of prostate cancer. Tests indicated that 315 of the men already had prostate cancer and, therefore, were not at risk. The rest of the men were followed prospectively for five years to determine the incidence rate of prostate cancer in the sample. By the end of the five years of follow-up 156 of the men had developed prostate cancer. What is the incidence rate of prostate cancer in this group?

10. An epidemiologic investigation that started on January 1, 2011, identified a population of 1,000 individuals. At the start of the study 4 were found to have the disease. During the year of study, 6 new cases were found; thus a total of 10 cases were identified. Among those 10 cases, 6 deaths occurred during the year. What was the prevalence of the disease during the 1-year study?

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BIO 360 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Stainless Steel, Chloromethane, Oleum

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