PHL 612 Lecture Notes - Self-Defense

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12 Dec 2022

School

Ryerson University

Department

Philosophy

Course

PHL 612

Professor

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(iv) discuss conceptual differences between necessity, duress and self-defence. Necessity: necessity brings out the compassion for human weakness and therefore in certain situations of emergency, a person is not held with strict obedience to the law. This means that under certain circumstances, a person that can be legally held accountable for their actions may be exempt as they have sound reasoning for their offence. Those who could not avoid breaking the law because of a constraint on alternatives created by natural conditions . Example: a starving woman who stole bread to feed herself and her starving child were acquitted. Duress: a person who commits a crime which is undertaken that are morally involuntary, and typically takes place while threatened by unlawful force. In such circumstances, the victim must prove that there was indeed a real threat present, and couldn"t prevent, or stop the immediate threat at hand.

Related Questions

First Task: The Exercise for Your Imagination
John Rawls introduces his reader to several concepts fundamental to a thorough account of the idea of justice: Liberty; equality; rights; and fairness. But he is deservedly of philosophical interest because of the way he fulfills his aim, which is “...To present a conception of justice which generalizes and carries to a higher level of abstraction the familiar theory of the social contract as found in Locke, Rousseau, and Kant” (Pojman 620, Lt). Rawls introduces an imaginary device in order to establish the conditions under which “the principles of justice for the basic structure of society...would (be accepted)” (620 Lm). It is these conditions, Rawls’ “initial position of equality,” and his device for establishing them, “the veil of ignorance,” that I would have you think about for your exercise (620 Lm and 620 Rm): “The veil of ignorance...ensures that no one is advantaged or disadvantaged in the choice of principles by the outcome of natural chance or the contingency of social circumstances” (620 Rm).

As an exercise of the imagination, you are asked, as Rawls asks us all, to imagine yourself in the “initial position of equality” under “the veil of ignorance.” Discover for yourself if doing so is or is not conducive to a genuine sense of fairness, as you prepare to make “one of the most general of all choices which persons might make together, namely ...the choice of the first principles of a conception of justice which is to regulate all subsequent criticism and reform of institutions” (621 Lt).

Second Task: The Writing Assignment
Please number your responses:
1. Describe your experience. Take the time to do so as completely as you are able.
2. How did this exercise affect your understanding of the section titled “The Reasoning Leading to the Two Principles of Justice” (624 Lm). It requires an effort to do so, but try to justify your response with direct reference to your own experience of imagining and reading, not to associations or thoughts gathered from any other source. Provide\ relevant quotations to focus your reader’s attention.
3. Relate your experience to Rawls’ “Two Principles of Justice,” especially concerning his denying “exchanges between basic liberties and economic and social benefits” (624 Rb). Be as descriptive as you are able, using direct quotations as support.
4. What is your opinion of Rawls’ “General Conception” (627 Rb)? Use quotations to assist in your explanation.

kristintreharne

Situations arise in engineering when we want to control the flow rate of a solution. This solution could be pumped into a holding tank, distillation column, heat exchanger, reactor, etc. This means that the flow rate becomes a function of time. When we turn on a pump, the flow rate is (for the most part) constant. The problem is that we may want the flow rate to be very fast at first, and then very slow towards the end of the process. This is especially true in certain chemical reactors where the concentration of reactants is always important. Control systems that could handle this type of situation are very expensive. Pumps (relatively speaking) are cheap. So, having a bank of pumps will usually solve the problem. The pumps are simply turned on or off to regulate the flow. Mathematically, this amounts to taking the volumetric flow rate function and finding a piecewise-linear approximation. Suppose that, because of the application we are running, we need a flow rate given by the function ,where t is in hours and v(t) is in 100 cubic feet per hour (e.g., v(0)=1 which means that at time t=0, we need a flow rate of 1*100=100 cubic feet per hour). Find a linear approximation and a piecewise-linear approximation using first two lines and then three lines. Think about what using more lines would do to the approximation. You will need to find suitable values of t to be able to find your approximation. As a further exercise, try to find values of t for your approximation that keeps the error (i.e., the difference between the approximation and the real function v(t) ) less than 0.1.Hint: to help with this, ask yourself this question: where would more lines be useful - where the function changes a lot or where the function changes a little?]

FM radio waves from a distant tower pass through a relativelysmall gap (width b) between two very large buildings that areopaque to radio waves. (Assume that the radio waves are plane-wavesby the time they reach the gap, and their direction of travel isexactly perpendicular to b.) You walk along a street (shown here asthe x-axis) at distance s from the gap, perpendicular to thedirection the waves are traveling.

a. Suppose that b = 12.5 m, s = 20.0 m, and the wavelength ofthe radio waves is 2.897 m. As you walk along the x-axis from âxmax= â30.0 m to +xmax = 30.0 m while carrying your portable radio, atwhat positions will you discover total destructive interference ofthe radio waves? Find them all. Show your work. (Use the abovediagram if needed. You may use the symmetry of the situation tosave some work, but explain your reasoning as necessary.)

b. Calculate the frequency of the FM station. Show yourwork.

c. Suppose that your portable radio uses a series L-R-C circuitto tune in to the desired radio station. As you
rotate the tuner dial, you adjust the value of a variablecapacitor, C. If L is fixed at a value of 4.80 ÂµH and R is fixed at2.2 Î©, find the value of capacitor C when the radio is tuned to thestation in part (b). Show your work.

PHL 612 Lecture Notes - Self-Defense

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