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29 Jan 2019

56. Explain the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance and describe how it allows us to see the relationship between Mendel’s laws and chromosomal transmission

57. Define each of the following;

a) Mendel’s Law of Segregation

b) Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

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29 Jan 2019
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Explain how the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment relate directly to chromosome movements during meiosis. Which particular stages of meiosis demonstrate each of these two laws? Please be specific and cite any sources.

“The wrinkled seed character that Mendel studied was R versus r on l inkage group V. The character ‘green versus yellow pod’ is unambiguously Gp versus gp , also on linkage group V. Linkage between these two loci can be detected. In Mendel’s study of two- and three- factor crosses he used approximately 600 F 2 individuals. He did not present data on the combination of RR Gp Gp crossed with rr gpgp … [When] lines JI15 and JI399 [ are crossed ], the recombination fraction between the R locus … and Gp is 36 %, resulting in an expected segregation ratio of 9 . 6 : 2.4 : 2.4 : 1 . 6 rather than 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. Mendel would have needed about 200 plants in the ‘smaller number’ to have a 5 % statistically significant deviation from independent assortment.

Furthermore, linkage group V in pea, most likely corresponding to chromosome 3 , behaves unusually in this cross because the number of chiasmata is never greater than one; usually two or three occur. The recombination fraction calculated above is therefore the smallest that Mendel could have encountered, so it is unlikely that genetic l inkage would have been discernable in any of the crosses that Mendel examined. ”

• Explain the 9.6:2.4:2.4:1.6 ratio expected with a 36% recombination between the R and Gp loci in the cross between lines JI15 X JI399.

Hints: (i) What extent (%) of recombination would give you a perfect 9:3:3:1 ratio? (ii) You may consult the Hall et al. (1997) paper if necessary (file [6] in Minicourse 1 folder).

• Does the number of chiasmata (two or three in many other Pisum sativum cultivars but 1 or 0 in the JI lines) explain Mendel’s results? Hint: What are chiasmata? What is their genetic function?

• Can we still trust Mendel’s conclusions about independent segregation of characters?

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