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26 Dec 2018

Formulate a scientific, null and alternative hypotheses for what you expect to occur at the different temperatures over time between fungal and bacteria amylase activity.

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Bunny GreenfelderLv2

29 Dec 2018

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As discussed in Part I, researchers had preliminary data suggesting that the pathogen causing WNS is an invasive fungal species (P. destructans) brought to North America from Europe. They had also observed that P. destructans occurs on European bats but rarely causes their death. Preliminary research also suggested that one reason that bats have been dying from WNS is that the disorder arouses them from hibernation, causing the bats to waste fat reserves flying during the winter when food is not readily available. These observations led researchers to speculate that European P. destructans will affect North American bat hibernation at least as severely as does North American P. destructans (Warnecke et al. 2012).

Questions 1. Explicitly state the researchersâ null (H0 ) and alternative hypotheses (HA) for this study.

Which of the following would be practically useful as scientific hypotheses and could be investigated using scientific method? Discuss the reason for each answer by stating whether it could possibly be falsified and what factors are measurable and controllable.

Mice require calcium for developing strong bones.

Excessively high temperatures cause people to behave immorally.

Dogs are happy when you feed them steak.

An active volcano can be prevented from erupting by throwing a virgin into it during each full moon.

The earth is 4 billion years old.

bronzehamster671

I need a good introduction and conlcusion of this experiment below is the expermeint and my results.

In this experiment you will observe the action of the enzyme amylase on starch. Amylase changes starch into a simpler form: the sugar maltose, which is soluble in water. Amylase is present in our saliva, and begins to act on the starch in our food while still in the mouth.

Exposure to heat or extreme pH (acid or base) will denature proteins. Enzymes, including amylase, are proteins. If denatured, an enzyme can no longer act as a catalyst for the reaction.

Benedict's solution is a test reagent that reacts positively with simple reducing sugars like maltose, but will not react with starch. A positive test is observed as the formation of a brownish-red cuprous oxide precipitate. A weaker positive test will be yellow to orange

PRE-LAB:

Add 1g of cornstarch to a beaker containing 100ml of cold distilled water. While stirring frequently, heat the mixture just until it begins to boil. Allow to cool.

PROCEDURE:

1. Fill the 250-mL beaker about ³/₄ full of water and place on the hot plate for a boiling water bath. Keep the water JUST AT BOILING.

2. Mark 3 test tubes A, B and C. "Spit" between 1 and 2 mL of saliva into each test tube.

3. Into tube A, add 2 mL of vinegar. Into tubes B and C, add 2 mL of distilled water. Thump the tubes to mix.

4. Place tube B into the boiling water bath for 5 minutes. After the five minutes, remove from the bath, and place back into the test tube rack.

5. Add 5 mL of the starch solution to each tube and thump to mix. Allow the tubes to sit for 10 minutes, occasionally thumping the tubes to mix.

6. Add 5 mL of Benedict's solution to each tube and thump to mix. Place the tubes in the hot water bath. The reaction takes several minutes to begin.

OBSERVATIONS:

Tube A: Starch + saliva treated with vinegar (acid)

Was the test positive or negative? Negative

What does this indicate? The vinegar stops the action of amylase from catalyzing the starch therefore the solution becomes cloudier. This indicates that vinegar (acids) distort the shape of proteins in the salivary amylase.

Results: The solution turns cloudy.

Conclusion: Acids denature the shape of proteins in the salivary

Tube B: Starch + saliva and water, treated in a boiling water bath

Was the test positive or negative? Negative

What does this indicate? It indicates that when enzymes are exposed to extreme temperature for some time they are denatured and therefore become inactive.

Results: The benedictâs solution retained its color as the reaction did not occur. Extreme temperatures denatures enzymes, therefore when the salivary amylase was introduced to a hot water bath for five minutes the amylase was denture.

Conclusion: Salivary amylase/enzymes when introduced to hot temperatures it is a denatured therefore does not react on the substrate.

Tube C: Starch + saliva

Was the test positive or negative? Positive

What does this indicate? This indicates that the salivary amylase successfully worked on the starch.

Results: The benedictâs solution turned brown as an indication of the presence of sugar.

Conclusions: Salivary amylase acts on starch in favorable conditions, ie is optimum te

Please provide a lab report that explains your procedure, results and conclusions. Remember to include pictures of the lab set-up and results. Also, I want you to expand this initial experiment by proposing and testing (in the form of an additional experiment) a testable hypothesis that involves the above general concept. You will be graded on your use of the scientific method and the creativity/complexity of your experiment. Both the above experimentation and your original experiment may be included together into one experiment