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1. Explain what is meant by epigenetic modifications or changes,their significance, and to predict the effect of DNA methylationand histone tail acetylation and de-acetylation on expression of atarget gene. **please explain in detail***

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Hubert Koch
Hubert KochLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

a) FLC gene expression is suppressed following vernalization. Describe two epigenetic histone modifications that lead to FLC gene suppression.

b) These histone modifications on the FLC gene were originally detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Using antibodies specific for each of the modified histones (part a) in a ChIP experiment, would the amount of detected FLC DNA increase or decrease during the vernalization period? Explain your answers.

-Histone ACETYLATION & DE-ACETYLATION – Histone Acetyl-Transferases (HATs) & Histone De-Acetylases (HDACs) – How do they affect DNA packing? Why?

-Histone Methyl-Transferases (H-MTs) – How do they affect DNA packing? Why? Remember the examples of 1 type of Histone Methylation that is ALWAYS stimulatory and the 1 type of Histone Methylation that is ALWAYS inhibitory.

-What do Nucleosome Remodeling Factors do? What do they need to be active?

-How can miRNAs affect DNA packing? What’s their ultimate effect? What’s the name of the enzyme that mediates that effect (the effect on DNA packaging)?

-DNA-Methyl transferases – What do they do? What’s their effect in DNA packaging?

-Genomic imprinting – What is it? How is it achieved?

-Cis-acting sequences + Core-Promoters + Transcription factors + Co-Activators/Co-Repressors – How do they work together?

-Many transcripts are “frozen” at the early stage of transcription (about 50 nclt away from the +1 position)

-The halting of RNA-Pol II is mediated by a set of 2 factors. What are their names?

-What is the factor that phosphorylated NELF & DSIF? What is the role of that factor?

-What regulates the “recruitment” of that factor onto RNA-Pol II?

QUESTION 3

What is the purpose of chromatin-remodeling enzymes in human cells?

The enzymes control the rate of translation of an mRNA transcript

The enzymes add phosphate or methyl groups to histone tails

The enzymes slide nucleosomes farther apart or closer to each other

The enzymes send damaged proteins to the proteasome for degradation

The enzymes cause DNA looping to occur

QUESTION 10

If you can drink milk as an adult, it means that you have inherited a mutation in the an enhancer for your lactase gene (the gene that encodes the enzyme you need to break down lactose). Predict the effect of this mutation:

The mutation changes the number of domains in the enzyme, which makes it work more efficiently

The mutation changes the amino acid sequence of the lactase protein

The mutation increases the number of copies of the lactase gene that will be found in your genome

The mutation changes whether the lactase sequence is found in an intron or exon

The mutation affects the expression of the lactase gene

QUESTION 12

What determines where in the genome a transcription regulator will bind?

Transcription regulators bind to the 5' UTR region of a gene

Regulators bind via complementary base-pairing to certain DNA molecules

Covalent bonds form between the transcription regulator and the atoms of the DNA backbone

Every eukaryotic gene has a different transcription regulator that will bind to the 5' end of the gene

Transcription regulators bind to specific DNA sequences via multiple weak non-covalent interactions

QUESTION 15

What is the histone code used for?

Phosphorylation and acetylation of DNA affect its ability to be compacted

Changes to the sequence of DNA change whether DNA will wrap around histone proteins

Covalent modifications of histones affect the ability of the transcription initiation complex to form

Histones provide the codon sequences needed for translation to occur

The histone code affects which amino acids will get added to a polypeptide

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