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How do antibodies rearrange? How do T cell receptors rearrange?

Rearrangement and the introduction of diversity into the TCR is very similar to that found in the antibody genes—where do they differ?

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Nestor Rutherford
Nestor RutherfordLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

Antibodies or immunoglobulins are proteins made ??by the immunesystem in response to alien(!) molecules. Each antibody binds toits specific antigen. This great diversity and specificity is causeof diversity in Antigen Binding Site of heavy chain and light chainof antibody. Although other sections of Antibody are highly stable,Binding sites are very mutant. What is the reason for thisdifference in mutation rates in different parts of antibodies?

1. Why is the process of gene rearrangement used in creating antibodies and T-cell receptors (TCRs) so important?

A. This is how our systems produce memory of pervious exposures, a key trait in adaptive immune responses.

B. Without it, we would need a single gene for every antibody and TCR required to mount all the possible responses need ed during our lives

C. interactions with antigens stimulate cells to initiate these processes, building the best and strongest response possible to the antigen

D. this is the same DNA altering process that leads to cancer. Understanding it leads to better treatments for cancer

2. Which of the following is NOT an antimicrobial substance?

A. keratin

B. Lysozyme

C. Defensins

D. Lactoferrins

E. Peroxidases

3. Which of the following is NOT an outcome of fever?

A. Direct destruction of microbes

B. increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines

C. increased production of lymphocytes

D. increased phagocytic killing by leukocytes

E. increased production of interferons

4. Which of the following pattern recognition receptors is/are anchored in the host cell membrane?

A. Only C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

B. Only RIG-like receptors (RLRs)

C. TLR and CLRs

D. Only toll-like receptors (TLRs)

E. NLRs and RLRs

F. Only NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

5. Fever allows the body to fight microbial invaders by which of the following mechanisms?

A.Fever plays all of these roles in the body

B. Fever prevents microbes with lower optimum temperatures from growing, giving the immune system time to eliminate those cells

C. Fever increases the inflammatory response, but reduces the production of interferons unless the invader is a dsRNA virus

D. A moderate fever reduces the inflammatory response but stimulates phagocytic activity in neutrophils and eosinophils

E. Fever increases the multiplication of lymphocytes and enhances the release of substances that attract basophils that then engulf the microbial invader

6. According to the clonal selection theory

A. Each B cell is already programmed to produce a specific antibody

B. B cells producing autoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus

C. Self-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus AND B cells producingautoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus

D. Seld-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus

7. Apoptosis

A. is a form of programmed cell death AND is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cells

B. refers to the transformation of B cells into plasma cells

C. is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cell AND results specifically in T cell death

D. results specifically in T cell death AND refers to the transformation of B cells into plama cells

8.

There are several families of antibodies found in mammals. Theymay have two or more antibody domains which contain heavy and lightchains. The variable regions of the light and heavy chains genes inthe chromosome are spliced in antibody producing cells so that eachcell produces a different antibody, with a unique sequence of aminoacids in the variable regions.

The variable regions are disproportionately large here, but itgives some idea...

What I'm having trouble finding is how the DNA regions of thesegenes look in cells which don't produce antibodies. Are they thesame as that in the germline? Do they undergo recombination but arenot expressed?

Any help would be appreciated.

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