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Discuss the effect that bioluminescence may have on the speciation of deep sea organisms. You must bring different points of view to the discussion by including advantages and disadvantages of this adaptation based on examples and differential functions of this attribute found in various organisms.

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Jarrod Robel
Jarrod RobelLv2
28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

We are in coastal Tanzania, Africa, and area with stable malaria. You are the leader of the scientific team advising the government on possible control strategies in this area. The main vector is Anopheles merus, which breeds mostly in marshes and is exophagous. Available surveys indicate strong resistance in localPlasmodium falciparum strains to chloroquine, and developing resistance in the mosquitoes to both DDT and pyrethroids. Discuss the various options for controlling malaria in this area given this information. You get to select 2-3 of these (you cannot pick all of them simultaneously). I want you to be clear on why you pick these two, and why you think they are better than the others.

Notes:

You are only allowed to use options that have been applied in the field (no untested solutions).

Consider using the basic reproductive number as a framework for your discussion

I can only evaluate your discussion of advantages and disadvantages (in this area) if you describe those advantages and disadvantages

This question does not have a perfect solution, so there is no "best" answer. I am interested in the arguments you use to balance advantages and disadvantages in the terms .

Question 5

Which of the following is FALSE:

Natural selection has foresight, and can mold organisms in accordance with environments in the far future. This is why organisms have a good "fit" to their environments long after they have arisen through speciation.
Selection is an undirected process that can only ever work with the materials at hand.
Human beings have foresight because they possess brains that can think about possible outcomes and the consequences of actions. This is different to a process like natural selection.
The fact that natural selection has no foresight does not mean that it is incapable of producing beings that have foresight.

Question 6

The wings of bats, birds and flying insects are examples of:

Convergently evolved traits (at least in terms of their basic functionality).
Homologous traits.
Plesiomorphies.
None of the above.

Question 7

The effect of a trait depends on the environment because:

Organisms decide to change their behavior every so often to evade predators.
It is only ever in the context of an environment that these traits can exist, and whether they assist the organism or inhibit it will depend on the particularities of that environment in which it must interact.
Sexual selection will not tolerate wasteful and extravagant displays.
The environment is changing too fast for the organism to keep up with in terms of its conscious appreciation of it, so it must rely on its traits to do the work.

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE:

Natural selection is not random; mutation is random; speciation is necessarily driven by natural selection.
Natural selection is not random; mutation is random; speciation is not necessarily driven by natural selection.
Natural selection is random; drift is random; speciation is not necessarily driven by natural selection.
Natural selection is not random; mutation is random; speciation must occur through the evolution of pre-zygotic barriers to mating.

Question 9

Heritability is:

The same as inheritance.
Another way of stating the degree to which a trait is genetic (for example, you could say that the color of your skin is "80 percent genetic and 20 percent environmental")
The proportion of variance of a trait in a population that is attributable to genetic variance in that population.
Present in populations, but not necessary for evolution by natural selection.

Asexual reproduction: the first step to extinction
When species become asexual they could be taking the first stepto
extinction, say researchers who have been studying the geneticstructure
of Penicillium marneffei, an asexual fungus only found in parts ofsouth­
east Asia. Their research found that although P. marneffei sporeswere
able to spread over large distances on currents of air, they werenot able
to ‘invade’ the new environments in which they landed.
‘We believe the failure of P. marneffei to adapt to newenvironments is
because the fungus has largely dispensed with sexualreproduction.
Without sex, you will not have the mixing of genes it causes,something
all organisms need in order to be able to adapt to newenvironments’, said
a member of the research team. Evolutionary theory predicts thatwhile
asexual organisms can initially prosper and out-compete theirsexual
cousins, they pay a price for being unable to adapt throughthe
recombination of genes caused by sexual reproduction.
DNA typing was used to show that different clones of the fungusare
found in different environments, and the researchers believe thatthe
adaptation of the fungus to these environments is limiting theirability to
adapt to other areas. They believe this is why P. marneffei isonly
endemic to a relatively small area of south-east Asia. Even thoughthe
6_________________________________________________________________
fungus makes spores which can spread over very large distances,the
researchers found that all the samples from any given locationwere
genetically very similar. This led them to the conclusion that thefungus
becomes highly adapted to its local environment, making ithighly
successful there, but stopping it spreading to other areas.
‘By being asexual, P. marneffei is not only limiting its ability toadapt, it
may be at risk of becoming extinct. If it is unable to adapt tonew
environments, it will be unable to adapt to changes in itscurrent
environment. While becoming asexual may provide short term
advantages to a species, in the long term, they are likely to endup in
evolution’s ultimate dustbin – extinction’, concluded a member ofthe
research team

You should introduce your article by very briefly explaining thepurpose of
biological reproduction and touching upon the strategies used toachieve it, then
write your account using the following list as a guide to thepoints you should
discuss in your answer:
? How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction interms of
the biological processes involved and the genetic diversity andvariation of
the DNA produced?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual andsexual
reproduction?
In terms of survival and adaptation, which reproduction strategy ismore
likely to allow a species to evolve rapidly (or to become extinct)?In your
answer briefly describe the two main mechanisms used to creategenetic
variation. Also, explain the factors and pressures that are likelyto drive the
process of adaptation.

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